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lOIINDF.D    IIY    JOHN    l>.    ROCKKKKLt-KR 


RESEARCHES  IN  ASSYRIAN   AND 
BABYLONIAN  GEOGRAPHY 


A   DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED    TO    THE     FACULTY     OF     THE     GRADUATE     SCHOOL     OF    ARTS 

AND       LITERATURE       IN       CANDIDACY      FOR      THE 

DEGREE    OF    DOCTOR    OF    PHILOSOPHY 

(DEPARTMENT    OK    SEMITICS) 


BY 


OLAF  ALFRED   TOFFTEEN 


CHICAGO 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 

1908 


Zbc  Tanircrsitg  ot  Gbtcaoo 

KOUNDED   BY   JOHN    D.    KOCKKKELLKK 


RHSEARCIIHS  IN  ASSYRIAN   AND 
BABYLONIAN  GEOGRAPHY 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED    TO     THE     FACULTY     OF     THE     GRADUATE     SCHOOL     OF     ARTS 

AND       LITERATURE       IN       CANDIDACY      FOR      THE 

DEGREE    OF    DOCTOR    OF    PHILOSOPHY 

(department  of  SEMITICS) 


BY 

OLAF  ALFRED   TOFFTEEN 


CHICAGO 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 

1908 


I— v^° 


\      ^0 


Published  January  1908 


Composed  and  Printed  By 

The  University  of  Chicago  Press 

Chicago,  Illinois,  U.  S.  A. 


TO 

MY   WIFE 


Map  of  Northwestern  Mesopotamia 
According  to  the  Assyrian  Inscriptions 


Paris  37 


37 

ARIME  Lands 

AMADAJV/        Lands   and  Mounrams 

Tela  Cl^ies. 


RESEARCHES  IN  ASSYRIAN  AND  BABYLONIAN 

GEOGRAPHY 

THE  LANDS  OP   ISUA,  DARIA,  AND   BtT-ZAMANI 

A.     ISUA 

TP,  I:  mati-su-ca,  Aw.  3:88. 
Shalm.  II:  n^atj-su-a,  Mon.  2:42. 

After  the  conquest  of  Saranid  and  Ammanid,  TP.  I  men- 
tions very  briefly  the  conquest  of  I  sua  and  Daria.' 

Saranid  and  Ammanid  were  situated  in  Mount  Aruma,  the 
Armenian  Taurus,  and  Ammanid  was  in  its  western  part.  As 
Tiglath-Pileser  was  marching  from  east  to  west,  it  would  be 
expected  that  Isua  was  west  of  the  Taurus,  somewhere  in  the 
western  part  of  Anzitene. 

This  is  confirmed  by  a  statement  of  Shalmaneser  11,^  who  says 
that  Enzite  was  a  part  of  the  land  of  Isua.  The  situation  of 
Enzite^  is  well  known,  and  as  Enzite  is  here  called  a  province  of 
Isua,  that  land  must  be  the  region  between  the  upper  Tigris, 
Arsania,  Euphrates  and  the  river  Arghana  Su. 

So  far  as  the  references  to  the  two  lands  are  concerned,  there 
can  be  no  question  of  their  identity.  Streck*  has,  however,  raised 
an  objection  on  account  of  the  different  sibilants,  and  has  located 
Isua  by  the  upper  Zab  and  Isua  by  Enzite.  Belck,*  on  the 
contrary,  has  identified  the  two  names  and  located  this  land  in 
Anzitene. 

Isua  is  grouped  with  Daria,  but  Daria  is  without  doubt 
identical  with  Diria,  which  must  be  assigned  to  a  position  around 
Arghana,**  and  therefore  we  have  clear  evidence  for  both  its  west- 
ern and  southern  boundaries.  The  change  of  the  sibilants  may 
be  accounted  for  in  the  lapse  of  more  than  250  years  between 
TP.  I  and  Shalm.  II  and  has  its  parallels  in  Subari  and  Subari, 
Subartu  and  Subartu. 

1  ^?i.  3 :  88-91.  *ZA.,  XIII,  p.  96  and  XIV,  p.  163. 

2  Mon.  2 :  41-46.  ^ZDMG.,  51,  p.  559. 

3  See  below  under  Enzite.  6  See  below. 


2  ISUA 

Enzite 

Shalm.  II:  ^atEn-zi-te,  Mon.  2:42,  43,  45,  65;  Balw.  2:5;  Spring. 
Inscrip.  10. 

Shalm.  II:  matEn-zi.     Lay.  12:18. 

Sams.  Ad.  IV:  matEn-zi.     An.  2:12. 

TP.  IV:  matEn-zi.     Ninn.  I,  34;  Fragm.  II,  23. 

The  form  Enzite  occurs  only  in  the  inscriptions  of  Shalmane- 
ser  II;  in  his  Layard  inscriptions  he  uses  the  form  Enzi. 

Coming  from  the  city  of  Kar-Sulmanu-asarid  over  Blt- 
Zamani,  Shalmaneser  II  reached  Enzite  after  crossing  the 
mountains  of  Namdanu  and  Merhisu.'  The  situation  of 
Enzite,  north  of  Bit-Zamani  and  Mount  Namdanu  of 
Dirria,  south  of  the  river  Arsania  and  west  of  the  Tigris  is 
made  certain  by  this  text.  In  the  Balawat  inscription  Shal- 
maneser speaks  of  his  march  from  'the  land  of  Enzite  to  the 
land  of  Daiaeni.'  In  the  Monolith  inscription  he  reached 
Daiaeni  from  Suhme. 

In  Layard  12:18  this  march  appears  as  starting  in  Enzi,  and 
the  conclusion  is  that  Enzite  and  Enzi  are  identical. 

Samsi-Adad  IV  (col.  2:12)  gives  the  boundaries  of  his  king- 
dom, reaching  'from  the  city  of  Zaddi  in  the  land  of  Akkad 
unto  the  land  of  Enzi.' 

In  the  time  of  TP.  IV  (PL  I,  34)  Enzi  belonged  to  Urartu, 
from  which  he  took  it. 

If  my  restoration  of  ABL.,  444,  obv.  6,  is  correct,  we  should  in 
that  text  read  ["^^''En-zi] '-te-ni,  a  province  preceding  that  of 
Alzi^  and  belonging  to  Urartu  in  the  time  of  Sennacherib. 

Streck*  identifies  Enzite  with  the  modern  Hanzith,  between 
Palu  and  Arghana,  and  compares  it  with  the  "Av^rjra  of  Ptolemy 
(13:19),  a  city  of  Great  Armenia  in  the  nome  of  the  same  name, 
otherwise  called  by  the  classics  Anzitene. 

Saluria 
Shalm.  II:  '^iSa-lu-ri-a,  Mon.  2:44. 
In  the  city  of  Saluria  Shalmaneser  erected  his  magnificent  statue. 

1  Mon.  2:42-45. 

2 It  is  possible  that  we  should  restore  [™** Me-li] -te-ni. 

3 For  Streck's  opinion  that  Alzi  and  Enzi  are  identical,  see  below  p.  28. 

*24.,XIII,  p.  94. 


ISUA  3 

As  he  claims  to  have  conquered  the  entire  land  of  Enzite,  Saluria 
was  probably  the  last  city  of  that  land  he  reached  before  crossing 
the  Arsania — the  text^  seems  to  indicate  this — and  I  should 
therefore  assign  a  position  for  it  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Enzite,  near  the  pass  of  Ammastub.  The  city  of  Saluria  was 
built  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Kireki. 

Kireki 
Shalm.  II:  sadKi-ri-e-ki,  Mon.  2:44. 

In  the  reading  of  the  text  I  follow  Craig  :^ 

*'Sa-lu-ri-a  ki-ta  (=saplu)  ^addJKi-ri-e-ki.  Peiser^  reads:  *'Sa- 
lu-ri  a-sar(?)  me-ti-ki  ri-e-ki,  "in  Saluri  a  place  of  long  marches," 
which  does  not  seem  to  give  any  fitting  sense. 

MERgisu 

Shalm.  II:  §adMe-ir-hi-8u,*  Mou.  2:41; 

AND 

Namdanu 
Shalm.  II:  ^ad^a-am-da-a-nu,  Mon.  2:41. 

Shalmaneser  II  crossed  the  mountains  of  Namdanu  and 
Merhisu  on  his  march  from  Bit-Zamani  to  Enzite.  Their 
exact  position  either  south  or  north  of  Dirria,  is  at  present  im- 
possible to  decide. 

Dirria  itself  was  a  mountainous  land,  and  we  know  two  of  its 
mountains,  west  of  the  Tigris,  Arqania  and  Amadani.  Further 
west,  by  the  Euphrates,  was  the  highland  of  Adani. 

Adani 
TP.  I:  matA-da-e-ni,  ^w.  4:79;  Anp.  Ill:  m^tA-da-ni,  Aw.  3:98. 
In  the  list  of  N air i -lands,  which  Tig.  Pil.  I  conquered,  the 
lands  of  Adaeni  and  Kirini  are  grouped  together.  They  are 
preceded  by  the  land  of  Abaeni  and  followed  by  the  land  of 
Albaia.  There  is,  however,  no  definite  order  in  this  list — two 
or  three  names  are  grouped  together  as  geographically  connected 
— but  these  groups  are  taken  promiscuously. 

In  the  annals  of  Asurnasirpal  III  {An.  3:79-99)  the  location 
of  this  land  is  quite  well  defined.     He  reached  the  cities  of  this 

1  See  under  Enzite.  2  The  Monolith  Inscription,  Shalmaneser  11 . 

3  KB,,  I,  p.  164.  *The  reading  of  this  sign  is  doubtful. 


4  ISUA 

land  by  marching  up-stream  along  the  Euphrates,  and  as  he  men- 
tions no  crossing  of  the  river  we  are  safe  in  concluding  that  he 
marched  east  of  the  Euphrates.  Amadani  is  the  mountain  WNW 
of  Arghana  and  corresponds  to  the  modern  Arghana  Maden.  As 
he  reached  Amadani  from  the  land  of  Adani,  that  land  should 
be  located  to  the  west  or  southwest  of  Arghana  Maden. 
The  following  cities  lay  within  the  land  of  Adani: 

Umalia 
Anp.  Ill:  aiU-ma-li-a,  An.  3:97; 

5lRANU 

Anp,  III:  a'5i-ra-a-nu,  An.  3:97;  Johns,  ADD.:  "^igi-ra-nu,  [210] 

K.  7682,  rv.  16. 

Kakania 

TP.  I:  matKi-ri-ni,  An.  4:80;  Anp.  Ill:  ^iRa-ra-ni-a,  An.  3:99. 

Umalia  was  evidently  further  southwest,  and  east  or  northeast 
of  it  was  3iranu.  Karania  was  located  between  Adani  and  the 
pass  of  Amadani.  In  the  time  of  TP.  I,  it  was  an  independent 
land,  or  city  district,  but  in  the  time  of  Asurnasirpal  it  had  been 
laid  under  the  rule  of  Adani. 

B.    DARIA 

TP.  I:  matDa-ri-a,  An.  3:88;  Anp.  Ill:  ^atDir-ri-a,  A?i.  3:100. 

Daria  and  I  sua  are  grouped  together  by  TP.  I. 

Asurnasirpal  reached  the  land  of  Dirria,  coming  from  the 
west  over  Adani  and  Karania. 

Arqania  has  generally  and  without  doubt  rightly  been  iden- 
tified with  the  modern  Arghana.  Amadani  I  would  identify 
with  modern  Arghana  Maden,  and  the  pass  of  Amadani  would 
then  lie  between  Arghana  and  Arghana  Maden.  Dirria  would 
be  the  land  west  of  the  Tigris,  south  of  Egil. 

Arqania  extended  apparently  to  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Tigris, 
and  there  is  another  land,  Dirra,'  mentioned  by  Asurnasirpal 
and  conquered  by  him  in  his  fifth  year.  It  is  possible  that  Dirria 
and  Dirra  are  identical,  but  as  long  as  there  is  a  differentiation 
in  the  spelling  of  the  two  names,  observed  by  the  same  king  and 
in  the  same  inscription,  and  the  former  land  was  west,  the  latter 

iin  E.  6:49,  Dirra  is  called  a  city  of  the  land  of  Nairi,  and  mentioned  with  N  i  r  d  u  n. 


Daria  5 

east,  of  the  Tigris,  I  shall  confine  Daria-Dirria  to  the  territory 
near  Egil,  west  of  the  Tigris.  This  does  not  exclude  the  possi- 
bility that  the  two  territories  were  united  under  one  king  in  the 
time  of  Asurnasirpal,  although  there  is  no  statement  to  that  effect 
in  the  inscriptions.  Sanda'  has  reached  the  same  conclusions. 
Streck'"'  argues  for  a  Daria  on  the  upper  Zab  and  identifies 
Dirria  and  Dirra,  locating  it  on  the  upper  Tigris,  although  he  is 
not  clear  as  to  its  exact  location.  Belck^  identifies  Daria,  Dirria 
and  Dirra  and  locates  it  on  the  upper  Tigris  by  Arghana. 

Amadana 
TP.  I:  §adA-ma-da-na,  Aw.  4:58. 
Anp.  Ill:   sadA-ma-da-ni,  An.  3:100,  101,  104. 

Amadana  occurs  in  the  Nairi  mountain  list  of  TP.  I  between 
the  mountains  of  El  am  a  and  Elhis.  There  is  no  positive 
evidence  for  identifying  it  with  Amadani,  but  TP.  I  had 
visited  the  region  of  Daria,  where  Amadani  is  located;  from 
which  it  may  be  fairly  assumed  that  the  two  names  are  identical. 
Above  I  have  identified  Amadani  with  the  modern  Arghana 
Maden. 

Arqania 

Anp.  Ill:  sadAr-ka-ni-a,  An.  3:101  bis,  103. 

Arqania  is  identical  with  the  modern  Arghana.  It  extended, 
however,  east  of  the  Tigris.  The  'pass  of  Amadani'  ran  between 
the  mountains  of  Amadani  and  Arqania,  west  of  the  Euphrates; 
the  'pass  of  Madni'  would  likewise  be  regarded  as  running 
between  the  mountains  of  Madni  and  Arqania,  east  of  the  Tigris. 
The  modern  Sivan  Ma'den  lies  close  by  Arghana  Maden  and 
may  represent  the  inscriptional  'pass  of  Madni.' 

Mallanu 
Anp.  Ill:  matMal-la-a-nu,  Aw.  3:101  bis. 

This  district  lay  within  Mount  Arqania,  west  of  the  Tigris. 

Zamba 
Anp.  Ill:  matza-am-ba,  Aw.  3:102. 

Zamba  was  the  land  between  Mount  Arqania  and  the  rivers 
Sua  and  Tigris,  in  the  neighborhood  of  modern  Egil. 

iJlfFG.,  VII2,  p.  7.  2^.4.,  XIV,  p.  163. 

3.ZZ)ilfG.,51,  p.  559. 


6  Daria 

StA 
Anp.  Ill:  mftJ-Su-ti-a,  Anp.  3:102. 

I  have  identified  this  river  with  the  river  running  into  the 
Tigris  by  Egil,  because  Asurnasirpal  III  evidently  was  on  the 
north  side  ofArqania  after  having  entered  the  pass  of  Amadani; 
and  after  the  raid  on  the  shores  of  the  Sua  and  the  Tigris  he 
proceeds  south  through  the  same  pass  of  Amadani  to  the  city  of 
Parzanistun. 

Parzanistun 

Anp.  Ill:   aiPar-za-ni-is-tu-un,  An.  3:104. 

ABL.:  »'Par-za-ni-is[-tu-un],[147]K.  1170,  rv.  7. 

Johns,  ADD.:  ^'Par-za-ni-is-ta,  [742]  79-7-8,  309,  obv.  28. 

The  city  of  Parzanistun  was  situated  on  the  border  between 
Dirria  and  Bit-Zamani.  Asurnasirpal^  reached  it  on  his  way 
from  the  pass  of  Mount  Amadani  to  the  city  of  Damdammusa.' 

As  Damdammusa  was  the  outlying  fortress  of  Bit-Zamftni, 
to  the  north,  it  is  probable  that  Parzanistun  did  not  belong  to 
the  province  of  Bit-Z  amani,  but  was  either  an  independent  city, 
or  else  belonged  to  Dirria. 

My  restoration  of  this  name  in  ABL.,  147,  I  regard  as  certain. 
It  occurs  in  a  letter  of  Asur-ristia,  the  Turtan  of  Sennacherib 
in  the  land  of  Kurlji,  and  as  he  also  mentions  the  cities  of 
Istar-durani  and  Dur-Samas,  which  were  situated  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Kur^i,  he  probably  refers  to  some  revolt  extending 
from  the  city  of  Parzanistun  on  the  Tigris  in  the  west  to 
Dur-Samas  in  the  east,  or  possibly  he  refers  to  some  gathering 
of  troops  in  that  region — the  mutilated  text  permitting  no  certain 
conclusion. 

C.    BIT-ZAMlNI 

Anp.  Ill:  ^P''Za-ma-ni,  A*i.  2:12,  118;  3:105;  ^P^'Za-ma-a-ni, 
Men.  K.  TV.  36,  37. 

Shalm.  II:  matBlt-Za-ma-a-ni,  Mon.  2:41;  Bit-matZa-ma-a-ni, 
Ob.  143;  '^•Bit-Za-ma-a-ni,  Mon.  2:41. 

ABL.:  matBat-Za-ma-ni,[245]K.  513,  rv.6;  matBit-Za-ma-ni, 
[757]  S.  548,  S.  887,  obv.  8. 

Johns,  ADD.:  matBit-Za-ma-a-ni,  [125]  K.  423,  obv.  5;  matBit- 
Za-ma-ni,  [1119]  R^ 464,  col.  II,  1.6;  ^iBit-Za-ma-ni,  [863] K.  13199, 
obv.  4;  [ma]tBit-Za-ma-ni,  [915]  S.  1001,  col.  II,  1.  12. 

Bez.  Cat.:  Bit-Za-am-ma-nu,  82-5-22,  106,  obv.  9. 

1  ASurnasirpal  III,  ^n.  3:104-105. 


Bit-Zamani  7 

Zamanu  is  the  name  of  the  founder  of  the  dynasty  of  Blt- 
Zamani.  In  the  time  of  Asurnasirpal,  the  king  of  the  district, 
over  which  this  dynasty  ruled,  is  still  referred  to  as  the  'son,'  i.  e., 
the  successor  on  the  throne,  of  Zamani.  From  the  time  of  Shal- 
maneser  II  it  is  referred  to  as  a  bitu,  or  "dynasty,"  with  its 
territory.  Originally  this  dynasty  was  confined  to  a  single  city, 
but  it  early  extended  its  power  over  the  cities  round  about. 

Zamftni  is  the  region  around  Diyftr-Bekr,  west  of  the  Tigris, 
immediately  before  that  river  turns  eastward.  Subria  is  the 
land  north  of  the  Tigris,  and  Nirdun  is  south  of  Subria  and  the 
Tigris  in  the  western  part  of  Kasiari;  Urumu  is  south  of 
Tusba  on  the  southern  slopes  of  Kasiari,  and  Nairi  included, 
in  the  time  of  Asurnasirpal,  the  districts  of  Arime. 

Ammeba'la,  who  was  king  of  Zamani  in  the  time  of  Asur- 
nasirpal, was  a  friend  of  Assyria,  but  his  friendship  with  Asur- 
nasirpal was  not  to  the  liking  of  his  people,  and  his  nobles 
revolted  and  slew  him.  Asurnasirpal  then  left  the  city  of  Tus^a 
and  marched  to  Zamftni  to  avenge  the  murder  of  his  friend.' 
The  people  had  placed  a  certain  Bur-Rammani  on  the  throne 
of  Zamani,  but  Asurnasirpal  slew  him,  flayed  him  and  spread 
his  skin  upon  the  wall  of  the  city  of  Sinabu,  and  appointed 
Ilanu,  a  brother  of  Amme'bala,  as  king  of  Zamani.^  But 
Hani  also  revolted,  perhaps  under  pressure  from  his  people. 
Asurnasirpal,  who  was  then  in  Dirria,  hurried  southward,  quelled 
the  rebellion,  and  punished  the  offenders.^ 

Hani's  successor  is  not  named.  It  is  significant  that  Amedi 
is  called  his  "royal  city"  or  capital,  because  it  points  the  fact 
that  even  Bit-Zamani  was  not  an  Assyrian  province  in  the 
time  of  Asurnasirpal  III. 

Shalmaneser  II  marched  through  Bit-Zamani  on  his  way 
from  Bit-Adini  to  Enzite.*  Twenty-five  years  later  he  sent 
his  Turtan  to  Urartu,  who  reached  that  land  by  a  march  around 
Kasiari  and  Bit-Zamani.'^ 

In  the  contracts  Bit-Zamani  appears  both  as  a  land  and  as 
a  city.     In   the  letter,  ABL.,  No.  757,  Sar-emurani  includes 

1  Asurnasirpal  III,  Annals,  II :  118-25.  2  Mon.  of  Kurkh.,  rv.  42,  43. 

3  Annals,  III,  104-9.  ♦  Shalmaneser  II,  Mon.  2 :  40,  41. 

5  0b.  141-43. 


8  Bit-Zamani 

the  land  of  Blt-Zamani  in  the  greeting  to  King  Sargon.  This 
letter  was  written  about  721  b.  c,  for  this  formula  of  greeting 
seems  to  indicate  that  Sar-emurani  was  governor  of  Bit- 
Zamani,  and  he  must  then  be  assigned  to  the  period  between 
Marduk-bel-usur  and  Upahbar-Bel.  The  other  letter,  J. 5 J/., 
245,  was  written  by  Asur-bel-udannin,  concerning  some  fugi- 
tives who  had  been  brought  back  from  the  mountains  and 
detained  in  the  land  of  Bit-Zamani. 

The  name  Zamani  is  probably  the  prototype  of  the  classic 
'S.co(f)r)v^  (Strabo  xi,  521,  522,  527)  and  'EcocfiavT]^^  (Dion.  Cass, 
xxxvi,  36;  Proc.  de  aedif.  iii,  2,  Bel.  Pers.  i,  21;  Plut.  Lucul.  24, 
Pomp.  33;  Tac.  An7i.  xii,  7).  It  was  situated  between  the 
Euphrates  and  the  upper  Tigris  round  the  city  of 

Amedi 

Anp.  Ill:  =^'A-me-di,  An.  3: 107,  109. 
Sams.  Ad.  IV:  ^'A-me-di,  An.  1:49. 

Johns,  ADD. ;  '^'A-me-di,  [372]  82-5-22,  139,  rv.  5;   ^'A-mi-di, 
[942]  K.  6367,  rv.  8;  ['^•lA-me-du,  [951]  K.  276,  rv.  3. 
Ep.  lists:  ^1  A-me-di,  years  800,  762,  726,  705  b.  c. 

Amedi  was  the  capital  of  Bit-Zamani.  For  references  to 
it  by  Asurnasirpal,  see  above  under  Bit-Zamani.  It  was 
among  the  cities  that  joined  the  great  rebellion  against  Shal- 
maneser  II  and  Samsi-Adad  IV.'  In  the  letters,  the  city  of 
Amedi  is  not  mentioned,  but  we  possess  no  less  than  five  letters 
from  its  governor,  Upahhar-Bel,  Eponym  705  b.  c,  namely 
ABL.,  Nos.  200,  201,  424,  548,  and  732.  They  are  all  addressed 
to  King  Sargon,  and  two  of  them  are  very  important  for  the  his- 
tory of  Urartu.  Besides  Sar-emurani,  mentioned  above,  we 
know  the  names  of  five  of  its  governors,  who  were  vested  with 
the  Eponym-office:  Ilai,  800  b.  c.  ;  Tab-Bel,  762  b.  c;  Mar- 
duk-bel-usur, 726  b.  c;  Upahhar-Bel,  705  b.  o. ;  Laite- 
ilu,  post  canon-eponym  (K.  6367). 

Amedi  is  identical  with  the  classical  Amida^  (Amm.  Marc, 
xviii,  9:1,  2;  xix,  2:14;  Proc.  bell.  Pers.  1,  7;  Proc.  de 
aedif.  3,  1;  Faust.  Byz.  4,  24).  It  was  the  capital  of  Sophene  or 
Sophanene,  a  south  Armenian  principality,  and  was  fortified  by 

» Samgi-Adad  IV,  An.  1 :  49.  z'AjntSa. 


Bit-Zamani  9 

Emperor  Constantine.  It  was  also  the  capital  of  the  Roman 
province  of  Mesopotamia,  and  is  still  called  Kara- Amid — J^l , 
^] — although  generally  known,  since  the  Arabic  conquest,  by 
the  name  of  the  province,  Diyar-Bekr.  It  was  located  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Tigris,  a  little  to  the  north  of  its  bend  eastward. 

Damdamusa 

Anp.  Ill:  ^^Da-am-da-mu-sa,  Aw.l:103, 110;  '^•Dam-da-mu-sa, 
Slab.  27;  *'Dam-dam-mu-sa,  An.  3:105;  ^'Dam-am-da-mu-sa, 
Mon.  K.,  rv.  48,  53. 

Asurnasirpal  III  says  that  he  received  information  that 
Assyrians,  whom  Shalmaneser  I  had  settled  in  the  city  of  5alzi- 
Luha,  had  revolted  and  under  their  governor,  5ulai>  gone  and 
captured  the  city  of  Damdamusa.  Asurnasirpal  III  captured 
the  cities  of  ]5ulai — Kinabu  and  Mariru — and  5ulai  him- 
self was  flayed  and  his  skin  spread  upon  the  wall  of  the  city  of 
Damdamusa, 

In  the  revolt  of  Ilftni,  governor  of  Zam^ni,  Asurnasirpal 
III  reached  the  city  of  Damdamusa  from  Parzanistun,  and 
from  Damdamusa  he  went  to  Amedi.  Damdamusa  was,  con- 
sequently, situated  north  of  Amedi.  It  may  also  be  inferred  that 
it  lay  near  by  or  on  the  Tigris  on  its  western  bank,  because  this  is 
the  first  city  of  Zamani  that  5ulai,  who  evidently  marched 
through  Subria,  reached  and  captured.  In  Damdamusa  Asur- 
nasirpal built  granaries'  for  storing  the  grain  of  Subria,  and 
this  would  imply  that  the  city  would  be  near  the  Tigris,  over 
which  the  people  of  Subria  had  to  transport  their  tax-corn. 
Had  it  been  inland,  the  Subrians  would  have  found  it  more  con- 
venient to  ship  their  grain  to  Tush  a,  which  lay  south  of  them, 
on  the  southern  bank  of  the  Tigris. 

Admas 

ABL..-  'nat5al-si-Ad-mas,2  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  19;  matgal-si- 
Ad-mas^-ai,  [245]  K.  513,  obv.  9. 

The  situation  of  the  land  of  the  fortress  of  Admas  is  at  present 
uncertain.  In  ABL.,  No.  43,  it  is  among  the  cities,  delinquent  in 
their  contributions  to  the  temple  of  Assur.  It  occurs  there  next  after 

1  Asurnasirpal  III,  Mon,  of  Kurkh,  rv.  53.  2  Or  B  a  r.  P  a  r. 


10  Bit-Zamani 

Is  an  a,  but  the  order  in  this  letter  has  hardly  any  geographical 
significance.  More  important  is  ABL.,  No.  245,  where  it  is  coupled 
with  Bit-Zamani  and  Mount  lasume,  which  may  be  identical 
with   Mount  Sumu'  in  Bit  Adini,  southwest  of  Blt-Zamftni. 

SiNABU 

TP.  I:  a'gi-na-mu,  Brok.  ob.3:14;  Anp.  Ill: '^iSi-na-bu.  Mon.  K.^ 
rv.  42,  43,  48. 

Bur-rama,nu/  the  rebel  king  of  Bit-Zama,ni  was  captured, 
flayed  and  his  skin  was  spread  upon  the  wall  of  the  city  of 
Sinabu.  That  city  had  been  fortified  by  Shalmaneser  I,  but  was 
seized  by  the  Arameans.^  It  is  evident  that  the  cities  of  Sinabu 
and  Tidu  were  situated  quite  far  southwest  toward  Karadja-Dagh, 
because  they  served  as  granaries  for  the  Arameans  living  on  that 
mountain.* 

Streck*  claims,  that  "in  der  grossen  Annalen-inschrift  filhrt 
dieselbe  Stadt  (Sinabu)  den  Namen  Kinabu  .  .  .  .  und  wird 
als  Festung  des  genannten  B^ulai®  von  Asurnasirpal  erobert," 
and  again:  "Gemass  Asurn.  I,  106  lag  Sinabu  ganz  nahe  beim 
Kasiari-Gebirge."  The  fact  is  that  Kinabu  lay  within  Kasiari, 
in  southern  Nirbe  near  Tela  and  was  the  fortress  of  5ulai, 
while  Sinabu  was  located  near  Karadja-Dagh,  and  was  the  fort- 
ress ofBur-Rammanu.  There  is  no  connection  between  the  two 
cities  whatever,  and  the  war  against  Kinabu  precedes  that  against 
Sinabu  by  at  least  three  years. 

Streck'  likewise  identifies  with  Sinabu  the  city  of  Sinamu, 
belonging  to  the  land  of  Arime,^  and  this  identification  is  prob- 
ably correct. 

Tidu 

Anp.  Ill:  ^'Ti-i-du,  Mon.  K.,  rv.  43;  ^iTi-i-di,  Mon.  K.,  rv.  48. 

Sams.  Ad.  IV:  ^'Tidu,  An.  1:47. 

Johns,  ADD.:  ^iTi-i-te,  [877]  K.  1572,  obv.  9. 

According  to  Asurnasirpal  III,'*  Tidu  lay  on  the  border  be- 

1  Shalmaneser  II,  Mon.  2:40.  2 gee  above,  under  Bit-Zamani,  p.  350. 

3  ASumasirpal  III,  Mon.  of  Kurkh,  rv.  43-48.  *Mon.  of  Kurkh,  rv.  47-48 

5Z^.,  XIII,  p.  74. 

6 Nowhere  is  it  stated  that  5ulai  had  anything  to  do  with  the  fortress  of  Sinabu. 
■  which  was  in  the  possession  of  Bur-Eammanu. 

^  ZA.,  XIII,  p.  74.  s  Brok.  ob.  3 :  13-14. 

9  For  references,  see  above  under  Sinabu, 


Bit-Zamani  11 

tween  Bit-Zamani  and  Aram-Naharaim.  This  city  had  joined 
the  revolt  against  Shalmaneser  II,  and  in  the  list  of  Samsi-Adad  IV, 
It  is  followed  by  the  cities  of  Nabula  and  Kapa  of  Bit-Adini. 
According  to  this  and  to  the  order  in  the  Asurnasirpal  inscription, 
Tidu  lay  west  of  Sinabu. 

IzzfiDA 

TP.IV:  '^'Iz-zi-e-da,  An.81;  Nimr.1,33,  "'[IzJ-zi-da,  Frag.2,1.17. 
ABL.:  a'E-zi-ad,[424]S.  760,  rv.  1;  E-za-du,  [424]  S.  760,  rv.  20(7). 

The  city  of  Izzeda  is  found,  among  the  historical  inscriptions, 
only  in  those  of  Tiglath-Pileser  IV.  The  annal-inscription,  which 
has  a  reference  to  it,  is  very  much  mutilated.  Streck'  refers  to  it 
as  a  city  of  Urartu,  but  admits  that  several  of  the  Urartean  citiefc, 
mentioned  in  the  inscriptions  of  TP.  IV,  may  have  lain  in  the 
land  of  Enzi.  Urartu  is  to  him  the  land  around  the  lake  of  Van, 
and  in  that  region  or  in  Enzi  we  should  accordingly  look  for  this 
city. 

Rost,  who  published  these  inscriptions,  has,  perhaps  more  than 
anyone  else,  paid  special  attention  to  the  history  of  Tiglath- 
Pileser  IV,  and  in  his  Beitrdge  and  in  the  Introduction  to  the 
transliteration  and  translation  of  these  texts,  he  has  attempted  to 
locate  the  lands  and  cities,  mentioned  in  these  texts.  But  Host 
also  is  undecided.  Once^  he  locates  the  cities  of  Izzida,  Ququ- 
sansu  and  ^arbisina  in  KilJ^i  (=  Kurhi)  or  Ulluba,  and 
again ^  he  locates  Qarabisina  and  the  river  Ulurus  near  the 
lake  of  Van.  Kurhi  is  the  land  north  of  Tigris  (east- west  course) 
and  east  of  that  river  (the  upper  north-south  course).*  Ullubu 
was  a  part  of  Kurhi,^  but  that  land  is  not  known  to  have  extended 
west  of  the  upper  Tigris,  and  it  is  in  that  region,  west  of  the 
Tigris,  that  we  must  look  for  the  city  of  Izzeda.  Rosf^  admits 
that  the  city  of  Kummulji,  and  the  kings  of  Agusi,  Milid, 
Gargum  and  Sam'al  were  vassals  of  Sarduri  II  of  Urartu. 
With  these  allies  the  king  of  Urartu  prepared  an  attack  on  Tig- 
lath-Pileser IV,  while  the  latter  was  occupied  in  besieging  the 
city  of  Arpadda,  which  had  been  taken  from  Assyria  by  Urartu. 

1  ZA.,  XIV,  p.  116. 

2  Introduction  to  TP.  Ill,  p.  xx.  3Tbid.,  p.  xxvii. 

«  Anp.  Ill,  ^n.  3: 103.  5TP.  Ill,  Nimr.  I,  28. 

« Introduction  to  TP.  Ill,  p.  xviii. 


12  BIt-ZamAni 

Rost  then  reasons  that  Tiglath-Pileser  IV  was  too  weak  to  attack 
his  formidable  foe  and  his  allies  so  near  the  city  of  Arpadda,  and 
that  he  therefore  must  have  crossed  the  Euphrates,  probably  by 
Kar-Sulman-asarid,  and  then  proceeded  to  the  cities  of  !5alpi 
and  Kilt  an,  which  belonged  to  the  king  of  the  city  of  Kummuh.i, 
and  where  he  fought  the  famous  battle  against  Sardurri.  From 
there  Tiglath-Pileser  IV  pursued  the  king  of  Urartu  as  far  as 
the  Euphrates,  north  of  Amedi,  whereafter  he  made  a  raid  on  the 
cities  of  Izzeda. 

It  should,  however,  be  remembered  that  TP.  IV  does  not  state 
that  he  had  crossed  the  Euphrates  before  the  battle  of  !5alpi, 
which  city  belonged  to  Kummuhi,  and  this  land  did  not  extend 
east  of  the  Euphrates.  That  river  he  reached  first  at  the  "bridge 
of  Euphrates,"^  which  most  probably  should  be  located  opposite 
Mount  Amadani,^  and  from  there  he  made  the  raid  of  the  cities 
of  Ququsansu,  ^arbisina  and  Izzeda,  after  which  he  turned 
westward  against  Mati'lu  of  Agusi  and  the  other  vassals  of 
Urartu,  west  of  the  Euphrates.  Kurhi  and  Ulluba  are  not 
mentioned  in  this  raid,  nor  is  it  likely  that  the  Assyrian  king 
would  have  crossed  the  Tigris  without  mentioning  it,  especially 
as  he  was  bent  on  his  campaign  against  the  Urartean  districts 
west  of  the  Euphrates.  Seven  years  later  Tiglath-Pileser  IV 
made  another  campaign  against  Urartu  and  especially  against 
that  district  in  which  the  above-mentioned  cities  were  located, 
and  that  campaign  was  conducted  east  of  the  Euphrates.     He  says: 

In  [the  city  of  .  .  .  .  ]  of  the  land  of  Til-Assuri  [  ....  I  erected] 
an  obelisk  [  ....  and  made]  pure  offerings  to  god  Sur-tu,  who  resides 
in  the  land  of  Til-Assuri.  The  cities  of  Niggu  [....],  gista, 
Uarbisina,  Barbaz,  Tasa,  unto  the  river  Ulurus  I  conquered,  their 
soldiers  I  killed,  8,650  inhabitants  [.-..]  horses,  300  mules,  660  asses, 
1,350  heads  of  cattle,  19,000  sheep  I  brought  away,  I  destroyed,  laid  waste 
and  bvu'ued  with  fire  and  their  cities  I  added  to  the  border  of  Assyria.' 

It  is  true  that  the  city  of  Izzeda  is  not  mentioned  in  this  pas- 
sage, still  it  may  have  occurred  in  one  of  the  lacunae  of  the  text, 
but  the  mention  of  the  city  of  5arbasina  makes  it  certain  that 

1  TP.  IV,  An.  68. 

2  Cf.  Lehmann,  ZE.,  1901,  pp.  189  and  197. 

3  Tiglath-Pileser  IV,  An.  176-79. 


BiT-ZAMANI  13 

this  campaign  was  conducted  in  the  same  region  as  the  raid  in 
743  B.  c.  These  cities  were  located  on  the  border  of  Assyria, 
therefore,  somewhere  west  of  Bit-Zamani  and  Arime  and 
north  of  Bit-Adini.  They  are  also  mentioned  together  with 
the  land  of  Til-Ass uri,  and  Esarhaddon'  informs  us  that  that 
was  another  name  for  Mitani,  which  was  located  on  the  upper 
Euphrates, 

These  conclusions  are  verified  by  another  inscription  of  Tiglath- 
Pileser  IV,  the  so-called  Nimrud  Inscription,  No  I: 

The  border  land  of  the  city  of  Kummuhi',  the  cities  of  Kilissa, 
Izz§da,  Diuabli,  Abbissir,  tJarbisinna,  Tasa,  the  land  of  Enzi, 
the  cities  of  Anganu  and  Beuzu,  fortresses  of  the  land  of  Urartu, 
Kail  am  a,  its  river,  I  conquered  and  added  to  the  land  of  Assyria,  and 
placed  (them)  under  the  province  of  the  Tru'tan  and  the  province  of 
Na'ri.2 

The  'border  land  of  the  city  of  Kummuhi,'  that  could  be 
added  to  the  land  of  Assyria  and  placed  under  the  governor  of 
Na'ri,  must  be  a  land  east  of  Kummuhi  =  Komagene,  and  also 
east  of  the  Euphrates,  as  Kummubi  bordered  on  that  river. ^ 
The  cities  of  Kilissa,  Izzeda,  etc.,  would  then  lie  between  this 
borderland  of  Kummuhi  and  the  land  of  Enzi,  on  the  border 
of  Assyria,  that  is  somewhere  west  of  Bit-Zamani, 

This  is  still  further  verified  by  a  reference  in  ABL.,  No.  424, 
to  the  city  of  Eziad,  which  undoubtedly  is  identical  with  the 
city  of  Izzeda  of  the  inscriptions  of  Tiglath-Pileser  IV.  Streck 
failed  to  see  the  identity  of  the  two  names  and  dismisses  the  sub- 
ject by  declaring  that  Eziat  was  a  city  of  Urartu:  "Eziat 
■■'lE-zi-at:  Sm.  760,  rv.  1,  und  ^arda  ^^^a-ar-da :  Sm.  760, 
obv.  11,  die  beide  zusammen  mit  Turuspa  auftreten."*  This 
letter  does  not,  however,  leave  us  in  such  uncertainty  about  the 
city  of  Eziad  and  its  connection  with  the  cities  of  5arda  and 
Turuspa.  It  is  a  report  to  King  Sargon  from  Upahbar-Bel, 
governor  of  the  city  of  Amedi  and  Eponym  705  b.  c.      He  had 

1  Prim.  A,  2 :  23 ;  Broken  Prim.  3 :  14. 
2 Tiglath-Pileser  IV,  Nimr.  Ins.,  11.  3.3-36. 
3  Anp.  Ill,  An.  3 :  96 ;  Shalm.  II,  Mon.  I,  37. 
<Z4.,  XIV,  p.  133. 


14  BIt-Zamani 

sent  out  scouts    to  ascertain   the  doings   of   King   A  r  gist  a   of 

Urartu  and  those  scouts  reported: 

The  governor  opposite  us  (and)  the  vice-governor  with  him  keep  watch 
in  the  city  of  Harda  opposite  the  Sukallu  (and  they  say):  city  after 
city  nnto  the  city  of  Turns  pa  is  in  battle  array  (obv.  9-14). 

The  city  of  Qarda  or  H!arida^  was  located  on  the  bank  of 
the  Euphrates  near  the  land  of  Subi,  and  the  statement  above 
proves  that  the  kingdom  of  Urartu  extended  southwest  at  least  as 
far  as  Harda  in  Suhi.  It  shows  further  that  the  governor  oppo- 
site Amedi  was  an  Urartean  vassal  and  was  hostile  to  Assyria. 
This  hostility  had  at  this  time  grown  so  bitter,  that  Upahhar-Bel 
had  been  forced  to  take  his  men,  who  were  employed  to  cut  beams, 
presumably  for  the  building-operations  in  Dtir-Sarrukin,^  and 
send  them  into  the  war,  and  several  of  them  had  been  killed  or 
wounded  (rv.  6-8),  and  he  could  therefore  not  send  down  the 
beams  as  fast  as  the  Assyrian  king  might  expect  them: 

"The  beams,  which  were  stored  in  the  city  of  Eziad — I  sent  the 
Ituean  with  the  mayor  and  dispatched  (them)  to  the  war"  (rv.  1-4),  says 
U-pah-har-Bel. 

This  makes  it  evident,  that  the  city  of  Eziad  was  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  governor  of  Amedi  and  therefore  belonged  to 
Blt-Zamani.  There  is  no  evidence  in  the  inscriptions,  that  Bit- 
Zamani  extended  east  of  the  Tigris — it  is  the  modern  province 
of  Diyar-Bekr,  and  Eziad  must  be  looked  for  west  of  that  river, 
and  somewhere  midway  between  the  Tigris  and  the  Euphrates, 
because  it  belonged,  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Tiglath- 
Pileser  IV,  to  Urartu  and  its  province,  opposite  Amedi.  It  is 
also  probable,  if  not  certain,  that  the  beams,  spoken  of  above,  were 
to  be  floated^  down  the  river  to  Nineveh  and  Dur-Sarrukin, 
and  as  they  were  stored  up  in  the  city  of  Eziad,  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed that  this  city  was  located  on  a  western  tributary  of  the 
Upper  Tigris,  probably  the  one  North  of  Amedi. 

The  other  cities  of  Urartu,  between  Bit-Zamani  and  the  Eu- 
phrates were: 

1  Anp.  Ill,  4n.  3:14, 15,  34,  37. 

iJ  Compare  ABL.,  No.  138,  rv.  11,  and  Johnston,  Assyr.  Epist.  Lit,  p.  151. 
3  This  seems  to  have  been  the  general  means  of  transportation  of  beams  from  the  Tigris' 
districts,  and  is  expressly  so  stated  bySa-A§§ur-dubbu  of  Tusha,  ABL.,  No.  705,  rv.  10. 


Bit-Zamani  15 

QlLISSA 
TP.  IV:   '^'Qi-li-is-sa,  Nirar.  I,  33. 

KUQUSANSU 
TP.  IV:   '^'Ku-qu-sa-an-su,  Aw.  77. 

DiUABLI 

TP.  IV:   ^'Di-u-a-ab-li,  Nimr.  I,  33. 

Abbisir 
TP.  IV:   ^'Ab-bi-is-ir,  Nimr.  I,  31. 

XlSTA 
TP.  IV:  aJgi-is-ta,  An.ni. 

Xarabisina 

TP.  IV:    «'ga-ra-bi-si-ua,   An.  177;   Nimr.  1:31;    ['^'Saj-ri-bi 
si-na,  An.  78. 

Bakbaz 
TP.  IV:   ''•Ba-ar-ba-az,  An.  177. 

Tasa 
TP.  IV:  aiTa-sa,  Aw.  177,  Nimr.  I,  34. 

LUPSUA 

TP.  IV:  ''•Lup-su-a,  Fragm.  II,  14. 

ABL.:     ^'La-ap-si-a,  [610]  K.  1142,  obv.  11. 

It  is  not  certain  that  these  two  names  are  identical,  nor  that 
the  city  of  Lupsua  belongs  to  this  group  of  cities. 

Ulukus 
TP.  IV:   °artJ-lu-ru-us,  An.  177. 

Whether  this  is  an  eastern  tributary  of  the  Euphrates'  or  a 
western^  of  the  Tigris,  and  in  that  case  the  one  north  of  Amedi, 
is  impossible  to  decide,  but  the  former  is  the  more  probable. 

1  Kizil  Chibuk.  2  Devetged-su. 


16  Geographical  Notes  to  ABL 

Abai 
aiA.BA.AI:  [509]  81-2-4,  123,  obv.  7. 

The  city  of  Abai  is  not  mentioned  anywhere  else  in  the 
Letfers,  nor  have  I  found  any  other  reference  to  it.  But  being 
mentioned  in  a  letter  of  Asipa,  an  officer  of  Sargon,'  who  was 
stationed  in  Northwestern  Kirbu  and  who  mentions  several 
well-known  Nairi  localities  together  with  it,  like  ^ubria,  Ku- 
limmeri  and  Bulum,  which  were  evidently  neighboring  locali- 
ties to  Abai,  I  feel  warranted  in  assigning  a  position  to  this  city 
east  of  Alzi,  north  of  Subria  and  south  of  the  eastern 
Euphrates,  in  the  Armenian  Taurus  range,  not  far  from  Daiaeni. 
In  that  case  it  may  be  identical  with  the  land  (or  city  district) 
of  Abaeni,  "^^t  A-ba-e-ni,  TP.  I,  IV:  79,  a  Nairi  district, 
conquered  by  Tiglath-Pileser  I.  The  ending  -ni  of  this  name  is 
the  old  Armenian  locative,  generally  suffixed  to  Urartean  local 
names  in  the  old  Assyrian  period,  but  omitted  in  the  Sargon 
period,  like  Daiaeni  and  Dale,  Tunibuni  and  Tunube.  In 
the  Greek  period,  this  locative  appears  very  frequently,  e.  g., 
Gorduene  (Ass.  Kurtu),  Adiene  (Ass.  Adia),  Calacene  (Ass. 
^ilah^i),  etc. 

Streck^  compares  Abaeni  with  the  old  Armenian  Abunis 
(XXXVII:  12)  northwest  of  Lake  Van,  and  he  also  proposes 
Biaina  (the  Armenian  name  of  Urartu)  as  an  equivalent  of 
Abaeni.  Neither  of  these  can  be  accepted.  If  Abaeni  desig- 
nated Biaina,  we  should  expect  it  to  reappear  in  the  Assyrian 
literature  in  its  frequent  references  to  the  land  of  Urartu.  Nor 
can  we  look  for  Abaeni  northwest  of  Lake  Van,  because  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I  never  went  further  north  than  the  southern  shore  of 
that  Lake. 

iThe  letters  addressed  to  Sargoc,  in  the  latter  part  of  his  reign,  are  readily  recognized 
by  the  greeting  to  the  "  city  of  towers"  (a'Bi-rat)  or  Dur-Sarrukin.  The  building  of 
this  city  was  undertaken  by  Sargon  after  he  had  accomplished  his  great  Urartean  cam- 
paigns and  this  project  became  then  a  cherished  fancy  of  his.  Any  officer,  addressing  the 
king,  felt  therefore  in  duty  bound  to  invoke  a  blessing  over  this  city.  As  all  the  letters  of 
A  s  i  p  a  (ABL.^  Numbers  431, 506,  507,  508.  509,  and  510)  contain  this  greeting,  they  must  there- 
fore be  assigned  to  the  period  714-705  B.  C.  A  §  i  p  a  himself  was  evidently  appointed  to  one 
of  these  northwestern  districts,  taken  from  Urartu,  where  Sargon  needed  men,  watchful 
of  his  interests,  in  pacifying  these  countries.  It  must  therefore  have  been  a  pleasure  for 
Aiipa  to  report  that  "  these  people  of  Abai  are  submissive"  (ABL.,  509,  rv.  7). 

2j?4.,  XIII,  pp.  64f. 


Abani,  Abdudi,  Adariijiti  17 

The  old  Armenian  Abunis  would  rather  remind  us  of  the  city 
of  Abbuni,  ^^  Ab-bu-ii-ni,  Johns,  ADD.,  [361]  K.  302,  obv. 
2,  although  their  identity  may  be  doubtful. 

Abani 

tiarA.BA.NI:  [781]  K.  823,  rv.  5. 
From  the  references  in  this  letter  it  appears  that  Abani  was 
a  river  of  Upper  Elam  between  the  cities  of  La^iru  and  Blt- 
Imbia,  probably  a  northwestern  tributary  of  the  river  Uknu. 

Abdudi 
aiAB.DU.DI:  [158]  K.  530,  obv.  7. 

Johns'  proposes  to  read  this  sign  Ab  as  es  or  as(?).  This 
is  possible  in  view  of  the  fact  that  "^*^*Ab-nu-nak,  Cyr.  cyl.  31; 
Ab-nun-na-ki,  IV  R.  36,  No.  1,  obv.  6.  29,  and  '"^tAs-nun- 
na-ak,  Ag.  1:36,  are  probably  identical,  and  the  character  Ab 
not  only  has  the  value  Es  but  also  As.  But  a  city  Asdudi  or 
Esdudi  is  not  known  in  southern  Babylonia,  and  we  may  there- 
fore as  well  read  the  name  Abdudi,  until  new  discoveries  may 
throw  light  upon  the  reading  of  this  name.  It  can  in  no  way  be 
identified  with  the  city  of  Asdudi  in  Philistia. 

From  the  context  of  this  letter  it  is  clear  that  the  city  of 
Abdudi  was  situated  near  the  land  of  Ru'a  and  the  city  of 
Der.  That  city  is  probably  identical  with  Dur-ili,'^  in  the 
neighborhood  of  which  the  people  of  Ru'a  lived.  To  this  vi- 
cinity the  city  of  Abdudi  must  therefore  be  assigned. 

Adarisiti 
aiA.DA.RI.SI.TI:  [771]  81-1-18,  49,  obv.  8. 

Nothing  is  known  of  this  city  except  the  reference  to  it  in 
this  letter.  From  the  context  it  seems  as  if  it  were  situated  ina 
'"^'Za-(a  ?-)-me.  This  letter  was  written  by  Bel-ikbi  and  an 
officer  from  Gambul.  Near  that  land  was  a  city  ^^Za-a-me-e, 
belonging  to  Pukudu^  and  located  on  the  shore  (siddi)  of  the 
river  Uknu.*     The  two  names   Za-a-me  may  be  identical,  al- 

1 AJSL.,  XXII,  p.  229.         2 See  Johnston,  Epistolary  Lit.,  p.  166.         ^Sarg.  Annals,  267. 
* Sarg.  Annals,  274. 


18  Adia,  Adinnu 

though  it  should  be  observed,  that  it  denotes  in  our  letter  a  land,' 
while  in  the  annals  of  Sargon  it  appears  as  a  city.  But  the 
change  between  the  city  and  land  determinatives  is  quite  frequent 
in  the  inscriptions,  and  "land"  often  denotes  only  a  city  district. 

Adia 
aiA.DI.A:  [683]  R™  550,  rv.  6 

According  to  this  letter,  the  city  of  Adia  was  situated  near  the 
city  of  Nineveh.  Samsi-Adad  IV ^  says  that  it  had  revolted  against 
Shalmaneser  II  and  according  to  the  order  in  that  text  it  lay 
between  Nineveh  and  Sibaniba;  the  latter  city  lay  near  the  river 
Qusur,  and  Adia  should  therefore  be  located  toward  the  south- 
east of  Nineveh  and  between  that  city  and  the  river  ^usur.  This 
agrees  with  the  reference  to  it  in  the  Contracts.^  Whether 
*^A-di  .  .  .  in  Knudtzon's*  texts  is  identical  with  this  Adia,  is 
uncertain  but  it  is  probable.  In  the  Contracts  occurs  also  a  city 
Adian,*  which,  according  to  II  R.  53,  1:29,  should  be  located 
near  Kalah,  and  may  be  identical  with  Adia. 

After  the  fall  of  Nineveh  Adia  became  quite  important,  and 
in  the  Greek  period  it  was  the  capital  of  a  province,  named  after 
it — Adiabene® — including  the  district  between  the  Tigris,  Upper 
Zab  and  the  ^usur  valley,  bordering  to  the  south  on  Arbelitis,  to 
the  east  on  Calacene  and  to  the  north  on  Gorduene.'  The  ruins 
of  Nineveh  and  Dur-Sarrukln  lay  within  its  boundaries. 

Adinnu 

aiA.DI.I[N.NUJ:  [500]  K.  1303,  ob  v.  6;  WiA-ti-nu  [762]R'^  2,529,rv.7 

The  identification  of  these  two  names  is  quite  certain  from  the 

monolith  inscription  of  Shalmaneser  II,*  compared  with  the  Annals 

of  Tiglath-Pileser  III.®     It  was  a  city  in  the  land  of  Hamath  of 

1  It  appears  also  as  a  land  ^^^Za-me-Ce?]  in  ABL,,  [754]  K.  5457,  obv.  17. 

2  a  1  A  -  d  i  -  a  ,  Samsi-Adad  1 :  45. 

3aiA-di-a,  Johns,  ADD.,  [741]  K.  4291,  obv.  29.  *  Gefteie,  145,  L.  K.  1. 

5ai  A-di-an,  Johns,  ADD.,  [350]  83-1-18,  335,  obv.  7;  [396]  K.  3495,  rv.4;  [443]  Bu.  91-5- 
9,  95,  obv.  6;  [1116]  K.  9858,  obv.  4;  II  R.  53, 1:29. 
6  Pliny  vi,  12;  Amm.  Marc,  xxiii,  6. 

"Dion.  Cass.  Ixviii ;  Ptol.  vi,  1,  2,  mention  it  as  a  small  province  between  the  Tigris, 
Lycus  (Upper  Zab)  and  the  Gordiaean  Mountains. 

8aiA-di-en-nu,  Shalm.  II,  Mon.  2:88.  9a  i  A-ti-in-ni,  TP.  Ill,  An.  130. 


Ai  19 

Northern  Syria.  Sachau'  identified  it  with  the  modern  Tell-Lot- 
mim,''  northeast  of  Hamath.  Tomkins^  compared  it  with  '-ty-ny 
of  the  inscriptions  of  Thutmoses  III,*  but  the  Egyptian  spelling 
would  rather  suggest  i-sa-na  than  A-di-en-nu  or  A-ti-in-ni. 

Ai 

nifttAI:  [107]  K.  4304,  obv.  8,  [159]  K.  1025,  obv.  7,  [434]  Bu.  89-4-26, 
163,  obv.  10,  21,  [556]  K.  683,  obv.  21;  amei  matAi,  [128]  K.  650,  obv. 
5,  [174]  K.  619,  rv.  12;  [713]  H^  59,  obv.  5;  matAi,  TP.  Ill,  PL 
No.  2, 1. 14;  Abp.  Cyl.  B.  3:102;  II  R.  52,  1:4,  37;  2:8, 17,  18,  24,  25, 
28,29,31;  II  R.  53,  1:14. 

As  early  as  1881  Delitzsch^  read  this  name  as  ™**'Ai,  and  com- 
bined with  it  the  mountain  ^'***  A-ja*^  in  Kurdistan.  Later  he  has 
recognized  in  m^t^j  ^j^^  land  of  Umlias,'  on  the  border  of  Elam, 
near  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Hommel,**  on  the  contrary,  identified  ^^atA^j  with  '"^'^Madai 
on  the  strength  of  the  passage  in  the  Ashurbanipal  Cylinder, 
because  that  king  speaks  of  the  "city-lord"  of  that  land,  a  title 
that  is  otherwise  used  of  JVIedian  princes.  It  should  be  noted, 
however,  that  Ashurbanipal  has  here  the  common  ideogram  for 
bazanu  'prefect,  mayor,'  used  by  the  Assyrians  for  any  city 
mayor. 

Johns'  has  called  my  attention  to  an  ^""^^Ai,  occurring  in 
ABL.,  No.  715  (K.  7851,  rv.  5);  on  account  of  the  mutilated 
text  of  this  letter  I  did  not  feel  warranted  in  classifying  it  in  my 
"Geographical  List"  under  this  name,  for  I  was  not  certain  that 
it  was  gentilic.  However,  I  prefer  his  reading  to  Streck's'" 
'*'"^^Ai-bi-la-ni,  for  which  there  is  no  other  corroboration.  If 
this  passage  refers  to  "^'Ai,  then  the  question  of  reading  the 
name  of  this  land  would  be  settled,  but  in  view  of  the  mutilated 
text  it  is  safer  not  to  depend  upon  it. 

1  ZA.,  XII, 47 ;  seo  also  Hartmann,  ZDPV.,  XXII,  p.  145. 

~  ^'■i  i^^M    of  al-Ja'qabi.  3  rSfi^.,  IX,  pp.  257  ff.  ♦Karuak  list  No.  26:}. 

^ Faradies,  p.  247;  so  also  Delattre,  Lepeuple  et  I'cmpire  de  Mides,  p.  84,  note. 

6TP.  I,  3:42,59. 

■'Del.,  Ass.  Gram.,  p.  18;  Delitzsch-Mftrdter,  Geschichtc,  p.  175;  see  Brtinnow,  Classified 
List,  No.  11693;  why  Delitzsch  reuders  it  'Wasserland'  is  not  clear  to  mo.  The  use  of  the 
signs  A.. A.  do  not  prove  it,  for  it  is  not  known  that  the  people  of  "'^t^i  were  Sumerians ;  nor 
has  it  been  shown  that  UmliaS  means  'Water-land.' 

8  Geschichte,  p.  727,  note  2.  ^AJSL.,  XXII,  p.  229.  io/6Jd.,  p.  223 ' 


20  Ai 

Streck'  identifies  ni^t^j  ^j^j^  Madai  on  the  supposition  that 
in  ABL.,  No.  174  (K.  619,  rv.  12)  an  ^"^^i  mat^i  ^g  mentioned, 
and  that  in  the  same  letter  the  lands  of  Ellipi  and  Sungibutu 
are  also  mentioned,  and  that  therefore  ™atAi  should  be  placed 
near  Ellipi,  because  Madai  lay  near  that  land.  There  is,  how- 
ever, quite  a  difPerence  between  the  "man"  of  a  land  and  the 
land  itself,  and  even  if  this  officer  from  ^at^j  should  have  hap- 
pened to  live  or  travel  near  Ellipi,  which  is  not  claimed  in  this 
letter,  it  does  not  in  any  wise  follow  that  the  land  of  Ai  was 
located  near  Ellipi,  and  even  if  that  be  the  case,  it  does  not  fol- 
low that  it  is  identical  with  Madai. 

There  has  been  a  good  deal  of  uncertainty  in  the  minds  of 
many  scholars  whether  we  should  read  this  name  Ai  (  =  A-a)  and 
give  its  first  sign  ™**  its  usual  determinative  value,  or  should  con- 
sider the  first  sign  as  a  part  of  the  name  of  this  land,  reading  it 
Mad-ai,  and  regard  the  absence  of  the  land  determinative  as  a 
lapsus  calami  of  the  scribes.  Taking  into  consideration  that  these 
"lapses"  are  quite  numerous,  and  that  most  of  these  references  can 
hardly  apply  to  Media,  it  seems  to  me  that  we  are  here  dealing  not 
with  Media  proper,  or  Media  Magna  of  the  Classics,  but  rather 
with  a  land  that  was  originally  called  Ai,  and  it  was  therefore 
treated  as  a  separate  land  in  my  "Geographical  List,"^  although 
I  was  long  before  well  aware  of  Streck's^  postulate  "that  the 
only  permissible  reading  is  Mat-ai,  which  is  incontrovertibly 
certain."  As  the  land  of  Sungibutu  is  also  mentioned  in  the 
same  letter,  there  seems  to  be  no  cogent  reason  why  the  man 
from  Ai  should  not  be  a  neighbor  of  Sungibutu  as  well  as  of 
Ellipi,  if  that  kind  of  argument  suffices  to  settle  Assyrian  geo- 
graphical questions. 

Streck*  also  lays  great  stress  upon  the  fact  that  Sennacherib, 
Cyl.  A^,  col.  II,  30,  reads  ™**^Ai,  while  the  same  passage  in  Cyl. 
A^^  reads  ""^^Ma-da-ai.  But  how  often  are  such  mistakes  of  the 
Assyrian  scribes  not  to  be  taken  into  account?  On  the  other 
hand  it  is  not  unlikely  that  at  this  time  Madai  had  encroached 

1  Z4.,  XV,  p.  373.  2  AJSL.,  XXI,  p.  83. 

3Z4.,  XV,  p.  373,  "Die  alleinige  Berechtigung  der  Lesung  Mat-ai  steht  jetzt  unum- 
stOsslich  fest." 

*Z4.,XV,  p.  373. 


Ai  21 

upon  and  extended  into  a  part  of  the  southern  ^^'■Ai,  and  that 
therefore  the  scribe  could  use  both  names  truthfully,  Ai  denot- 
ing the  old  name  of  the  land,  Madai  representing  the  new  lords 
of  the  same  land. 

We  know  that  ""^tAi  was  the  older  name  of  the  land  of 
Umlias'  or  at  least  a  part  of  that  land,  and  we  are  able  to  locate 
that  land.  It  lay  on  the  north  shore  of  the  river  Uknu  (Kercha), 
opposite  Pukudu,  and  Sargon  mentions  a  river  ^^'Um-li-as,^ 
which,  if  not  identical  with  lower  Uknu,  was  a  tributary  of  the 
same,  and  evidently  ran  through  the  land  of  Umlias,  after  which 
it  was  named.' 

It  can  further  be  proved  that  Umlias  is  not  identical  with 
Media,  for  Tiglath-Pileser  III,  according  to  his  Annal-inscription,* 
marches  from  Media  to  Umlias  and  his  route  is  given  as  follows: 
Bit-Taz-zak-ki,  "^^Ma-da-ai,  ^^tgit-Zu-al-za-as,  '"atBlt- 
Ma-at-ti,  ™**^Um-li-ia-as.  Two  other  questions  must  be  taken 
account  of  in  this  connection:  (1)  did  the  Assyrians  pronounce 
the  determinative  before  a  proper  name?  (2)  do  all  references 
to  mft^Ai  apply  to  this  land  in  or  near  Umlias  ? 

1.  The  first  question  should  be  answered  in  the  affirmative  at 
least  as  far  as  it  concerns  gentilic  and  geographical  names,  just  as 
in  Hebrew  'J3''5<  and  Y"l5<  appear  before  the  name  of  the  land. 
The  Nisbeh-iorm  is  therefore  in  some  instances  used  instead  of 
the  determinative.  This  would  apply  to  the  Mat  and  al  deter- 
minatives, and  enclitic  ki  was  undoubtedly  pronounced  in  Sume- 
rian.  In  cases  where  the  determinative  appears  in  plural  like 
inftt-mfttj^j^_j_j.j^5  ^YiiQ  writing  becomes  unintelligible  if  the  deter- 
minative be  not  pronounced.  But  if  the  determinative  was  pro- 
nounced when  standing  in  the  plural  it  follows  that  it  must  also  be 
pronounced  when  it  stands  in  the  singular,  and  it  would  then  corre- 
spond to  our  enclitic  land,  as  in  'Eng-land,  the  1^  ether -lands,  etc. 

Applying    this  rule  to  our  case,  we  should    understand    the 

I  BrQnnow,  Classified  List,  No.  11693.  2  An.  266. 

3  Jensen's  location  of  DmliaS  (Z.-l.,  XV,  p.  221)  in  the  far  east,  and  in  any  event  east 
of  the  Zagros  Mountain  cannot  be  proved  and  seems  contrary  to  the  facts. 

*L.  158;  other  references  to  ™^tUm-li-ia-a5  are:  TP.  IV,  PI.  I,  17;  PI.  II,  19;  Thon. 
obv.  29,  3.5;  cf.  also  BM.,  No.  Xiila,  33232,  33234;  Bu.  91-5-9,  410,  691,  1155,  where  it  is  identified 
with  Ab-nuu-naki,  and  IV  R.  35,  5:7,  where  it  is  identified  with  Nun-ki-ga. 

5TP.  I,  4:83  and  often. 


22  Ai 

Assyrians  as  reading  and  speaking  of  Mat  Ai,  well  understand- 
ing that  Ai  was  the  name  of  the  land  in  question.  If  a  new 
people  settles  in  such  a  territory,  it  might  incorporate  the  deter- 
minative into  the  old  name  of  the  land,  and  thus  the  district  of 
™**Bit-Ma-at-ti  may  be  a  remainder  of  the  old  ■"**  Ai,  all  of 
which  was  treated  by  the  new  Aryan  settlers  as  a  proper  name. 

2.  The  references  in  the  historical  inscriptions  can  hardly 
apply  to  the  land  of  A  i  on  the  bank  of  Uknu. 

Tiglath-Pileser  III,  who  often  mentions  Madai  and  its  dis- 
tricts, most  of  them  situated  between  lake  Urmia  and  5arhar, 
refers  to  matAi'  in  a  list  of  what  are  mostly  Urartean  cities  and 
districts.  Now  it  is  certain  that  Urartu  did  not  extend  down  to 
the  river  Uknu  on  the  border  of  Elam,  and  we  must  therefore 
look  for  this  «i^t  Ai  somewhere  further  north,  on  the  border  of 
Urartu,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Musasir. 

Ashurbanipal,"  returning  from  his  conquest  of  the  land  of 
Manna,  attacked  Birishadri  (™Bi-ri-is-^a-ad-ri),  prefect  of 
™**Ai  and  also  Sarati  and  Pirihia,  sons  of  Gagi  and  prefects 
of  '"^'^Salji,  captured  seventy-five  of  their  stronghold  cities  and 
brought  their  prefects  to  Nineveh.  The  march  of  the  Assyrian 
army  goes  consequently  from  Manna,  on  the  western  coast  of  Lake 
Urmia,  westward  to  Nineveh,  mat^j  must  therefore  be  located 
somewhere  between  5ubuski  and  Manna.  Media  is  not  men- 
tioned in  the  inscriptions  of  Ashurbanipal  for  the  simple  reason 
that  it  had,  in  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  Esarhaddon,^  torn 
itself  away  from  Assyria  and  was  now  so  strong  that  the  Assyrian 
king  never  attempted  to  subdue  it.  Media  is  at  this  time  the 
land  south  of  Lake  Urmia  toward  ^ar^ar  and  east  thereof,  and 
can  therefore  in  no  wise  be  identified  with  this  ™**Ai  west  of 
Manna. 

These  conclusions  are  fully  substantiated  by  the  references  in 
the  Letter-literature  to  the  land  of  Ai.  These  letters  know  also 
of  the  land  of  Madai   ("^^tMa-da-ai,  K.   617,  obv.  8;    ^^^Ma- 

1  PI.  No.  2, 1.  14.  2Cyl.  B,  3:102, 

3 See  the  references  to  "^^^Madai  in  Knudtzon's  Gebete  an  den  Sonngott.  According 
to  Herodotus  (i,  95-103)  Dejokes  became  king  of  the  Medes  in  709  b.  c,  Dejokes  reigning  53 
years,  709-656;  Fraortes  22  years,  656-634;  Kyaxeres  40  years,  634-594;  Astyages  35  years, 
594-559/558  b.  c.  According  to  Herod,  i.  132  the  Median  empire  was  established  128  years 
before  the  overthrow  of  Astyages,  i.  e.  in  678  b.  c. 


Ai  23 

ta-ai,  K.  609,  obv.  6),  which  must  be  identified  with  Media  Magna, 
but  whenever  they  refer  to  "^**^Ai,  we  are  in  most  cases  forced  to 
look  for  it  in  the  neighborhood  of  Manna,  and  the  probability  is 
that  this  holds  good  in  all  cases.  ABL.,  No.  434  is  of  especial 
interest  because  it  gives  us  the  following  order:  Urartu,  Manna, 
Ai,  5ubuski.  ABL.,  No.  556  likewise  mentions  Ai  together 
with  Manna,  and  ABL.,  No.  107  mentions  it  together  with  Dur- 
Sarrukin. 

We  have  therefore  in  the  inscriptions  two  different  lands, 
called  Ai,  one  niatAi  on  the  northern  bank  of  Uknu,  which  in 
the  historical  period  was  called  Umlias,  and  one  ^at^j  gg^g^.  q£ 
9ubuski,  in  the  land  of  ^aria,  around  ^^'^Aja.  In  all 
probability  the  latter  was  a  colony  from  the  former.  Moses  of 
Chorene'  tells  us  that  the  native  name  of  Armenia  is  Haja-stan 
(=  "the  land  of  Haja"),  and  that  this  name  originated  from  a 
certain  Hai-kh,  who  became  the  leader  of  his  oppressed  people 
and  with  them  emigrated  from  their  former  home  near  the  Per- 
sian Gulf,  settling  in  the  Kurdaean  mountains  between  Van  and 
Urmia.  The  Armenian  Haja  or  Hai  represents  so  closely  the 
Assyrian  Aja  and  Ai,  that  an  identification  of  the  two  is  not 
only  possible,  but  probable,  and  this  Armenian  tradition  may  be 
entitled  to  a  place  in  the  history  of  the  two  lands  of  Ai.  Ai  or 
Aja  may  have  the  same  relation  to  Hajastan,  as  the  god  ^aldia 
of  Musasir  has  to  another  name  of  Armenia,  namely,  Chaldia," 
but  Musasir  was  a  neighbor  district  southeast  of  ""^^Ai. 

What  is  said  above  in  regard  to  pronouncing  the  land  de- 
terminative before  the  name  holds  good  also  in  this  case,  and  it 
is  probable  that  in  the  Greek  period  Mat  Ai  or  Mad  Ai  was 
understood  as  a  proper  noun  and  identified  with  Media,  and  that 
this  was  probably  the  case  even  in  the  Sargon  period  among 
peoples  who  did  not  know  the  geography  of  the  East.  The  Greeks 
knew  not  only  of  a  Media  Magna,  but  also  of  a  Media  Airopatene. 
This  latter  land  is  located  by  Strabo**  on  the  east  of  Matiene,  and 
later  on  he  makes  Matiene  the  western  province  of  Atropatene. 
In  spite  of  Winckler's*  and  Streck's^  opposition  to  this  combina- 

1 1, 10.  2  Lehmann  in  VBAG.,  1895,  p.  578.  "^  xi,  p.  523-29. 

i  Oeschichte  Bab.,  p.  202.  '^ZA.,  XV,  pp.  372  f. 


24  Akbanu,  Akimade,  AkkadI 

tion,  it  seems  to  me  very  probable  that  we  should  in  this  Mati- 
ana  or  Matiene^  recognize  the  Assyrian  Mat  Ai.  Herodotus' 
location  of  the  mountains  of  Matiene'^  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Kurdistan  agrees  precisely  with  our  location  of  ""^^^Ai. 

Akbanu 
tnat  AK.BA.NU :  [520]  K.  680,  obv.  7,  11. 

This  land,  and  the  land  of  'Ale,  are  said  to  be  located  "on 
the  other  shore  of  the  river  Tak-ka-?"^  in  the  land  of  Elam. 
Neither  of  these  localities  is  otherwise  known.  Sennacherib 
mentions,  in  his  Taylor  cylinder,  an  Elamite  city,  ^^Ak-ka-ba- 
ri-na,*  but  whether  that  city  was  located  in  the  land  of  Akbanu 
or  identical  with  it,  cannot  at  present  be  decided. 

AkimadI; 
^1  A.KI.MA.DI.E:  [328]  K.  638,  rv.  21. 
Nothing  is  known  of  this  city  outside  the  mention  of  it  in 
this  letter,  but  as  this  letter  deals  with  affairs  in  Elam,  which  is 
referred  to  several  times,  it  was  undoubtedly  an  Elamite  city. 

AkkadI 
mat  AKKADI  ki :  [9]  K.  618,  rv.  5;  [46]  K.  939a,  obv.  13,  19,  22,  [50] 
K.  1242,  rv.  2,  [149]  K.  540,  obv.  9  [223]  K.  112,  obv.  13,  [266]  K.  79,  obv. 
10,  [269]  K.  528,  rv.  9,  [358]  R-^  76,  obv.  8,  [437]  K.  168,  rv.  9,  19,  [444] 
K.  645,  obv.  4,  [474]  81-2-4,  67,  obv.  7,  [518]  83-1-18,  27,  i-v.  8,  [539] 
K.  17,  obv.  17,  rv.  24,  [540]  K.  87,  rv.  3,  [542]  K.  114,  rv.  23,  [622]  K. 
1210,  rv.  4,  [716]  K.  31,  obv.  7,  rv.  7,  [760]  R'"  2,  7,  obv.  6,  [815]  48-7-20, 
116,  rv.  11,  15,  [841]  K.  4757,  rv.  19;  niat  Ak-ka-di-i,  [7]  K.  601,  obv.  16, 
rv.  8,  [435]  Bu.  89^-26,  161,  rv.  10. 

For  other  references  compare  the  following: 

5ala-lama,  ^iAkkadi,  SD.  21,  4,  col.  2:2. 

Ur-Engur,  J^^Akkadi,  IR.  1,  No.  5:9;  6:6;  7:6;  8:6;  9:3. 

Dungi,  kiAkkadi,  I  R.  2,  No.  II,  1:4;  2:4;  3:6. 

Gamil-Ninib,  ^iAkkadi,  IV  R.  35,  No.  5:11;  I  R.  II,  No.  5,  1:9. 

Sammurabi,  "'Akkadi,  Leifers  62: 15,  23;  61:18;  100:5;  matAk- 
ka-di-im,  Lexers  94: 21;  95:12,21,32,39;  «ia-at  Ak-ka-di-im,  Code 
5:9;  40:52. 

1  Mariai'^,  Strabo  ii,  p.  73;  xi,  p.  509;  Steph.  B. ;  MaTiTji/^,  Herodotus  v,  52 ;  iii,  94 ;  vii,  72. 

2Ta  MartTivo  oprj,  Herodotus  i,  189,  202;  V,  52;  this  should  not  be  confounded  with  the 
Mantiana  of  Strabo,  which  should  rather  be  compared  with  the  Manda,  Umman-Manda ; 
see  Ritter,  Erdkunde,  IX,  p.  786. 

»mat^lj.ba-nutiniftt''.ii.e  a-hnul-lu-u§a  n^^Tak-ka-V,  K.  680,  obv.  7-9. 

*  IR.  40,  L.  58. 


Akkad!  25 

Agum-Kakrime,  Ak-ka-di-i,  1:32. 

Kaiaindas,  Akkadi,  IV  R.  36,  No.  3:  7. 

Burnabiirias,  ^^^  Akkadi,  I  R.  4,  No.  10: 10. 

Kurigalzu,  i^' Akkadi,  I  R.  4,  No.  14,  2;  5;  3:  8. 

Nabukadrezzar  I,  "iftt  Akkadi"^',  V  R.  5.5,  1: 13,  44;  2: 12. 

Tukvilti-Ninibi  I,mftt  Akkadi  i^',  K.  2673,  obv.  4;  82-7-4,  38,  ob v.  10; 
mat  Akkadi,  III  R.  4,  No.  2,  obv.  4. 

Tiglath-Pileser  I,  Akkadi  i^',  Syn.  Hist.  2: 33;  matAkkadl'^S  Brok. 
ob.  1:16;  [matAk-]ka-di-i,  Brok.  ob.  4:38. 

Adad-Nirari  II,  ^at  Akkadi  i^',  Syn.  Hist.  3: 19. 

Shalmaneser  II,  m^t Ak-ka-di-e,  Balw.  4:2;  ^n.  77. 

^amsi-Adad  IV,  niat Ak-ka-di-i,  2:11;  Akkad*^',  4:22. 

Adad-Nirari  III,  Akkadi  i^*  I  R.  35,  3:  20. 

Tiglath-Pileser  IV,  ^atAkkadli^S  PI.  I,  1;  PI.  11,2;   Thon.  obv.  1. 

Sargou  II,  Akkadi i^S  An. 235;  X:3, 123;  "^a*' Ak-ka-di-e,  Aw.233, 
241,  314. 

Sennacherib,  Akkadii^',  I  R.  40:36;  41:18. 

Esarhaddon,  Akkadi  ki,  B.  S.  1:4,  8. 

Ashurbauipal,  mfttAkkadIki,  3:97;  6:8,13;  7:92;  10:124;  Akkadi  ki, 
4:41. 

Samas-sum-iikin,  Akkadi  ki,  Cyl.  1:11, 17;  Akkadi  ki-ra,  Bil.  1:5; 
Ak-ka-di-i,  Cyl.  1: 19;  Bil.  2:  5,  10. 

Nabfi-apil-iddin,  niatAkkadiki,  VR.60,No.l:5;No.2:30;No.3:13. 

Merodak-Baladan,  "'^t  Akkadi^i,  1:17,28,46;  111:14. 

Nabukadrezzar  II,  ^a-da  Ak-ka-di-im,  I  R.  66: 16. 

Nabiipalassar,  ma-da Ak-ka-di-im,  ZA.,  II,  p.  129,1.  12;  Ak-ka- 
di-i,  ZA.,  II,  p.  172,  1:5. 

Nabuna'id,  '''Akkadi,  Stela,  col.  II,  11.  20,  21. 

Cyrus,  Ak-ka-di-i,  Cyl.  20;  mat  Akkadi  ki,  Cyl.  11,  18,  24,  33; 
i»ftt  Akkadi,  Cyl.  10,  13  bis,  23. 

Nabuna'id-Cyrus-Chronicle,  matAkkadIki,  B:5,  10;  mat  Akkadi, 
B:14,  19,  22,  23. 

Babylonian  Chronicle,  matAkkadlki,  84-2-11,  356,  1:3,  25,  26,  30; 
2:40. 

King,  Creation  Tablets,  ^atAkkadiki,  p.  212,  1.26;  p.  211,  1.  18; 
Ak-ka-di-i,  p.  147,  1.  20,  note  1.  16. 

Thompson,  RMA.,  Akkadlki  29:3,4;  35,  rv.  2;  90,  obv.  7;  266  B, 
obv.  7,  8;  matAkkadii^',  31,  obv.  4;  34,  obv.  7;  41,  rv.  6;  42,  obv.  7;  43, 
rv.  5;  86,  obv.  7;  88,  obv.  7;  89,  obv.  3;  95,  rv.  6;  107,  rv.  7;  119,  rv.  1,  3; 
124,  obv.  7,  9;  125,  obv.  3;  127,  obv.  5,  7;  128,  obv.  8,  rv.  3;  129,  obv.  3,5; 
130  A,  obv.  3,  4;  131,  obv.  9,  rv.  2;  132,  obv.  5;  133,  obv.  4,  6;  134,  rv.  3,  5; 
135,  obv.  3,  4;  135  A,  obv.  3,  5;  136,  obv.  2, 4;  136  A,  obv.  2, 4;  136  B,  obv. 

1  N  i  n  i  b  is  to  be  read  either  P  i  r  and  then  be  compared  with  the  Moabitic  god  Peor, 
or  Ninus.    On  the  latter  form  see  AC,  I,  p.  147. 


26  Akkadi,  Akkad 

6,  7;  136  D,  obv.  3,  5;  136  E,  obv.  9,  rv.  3;  136  F,  rv.  4;  136  G,  obv.  3,  4 
136  H,  obv.  2,  3;  136  I,  obv.  3,  5;  136  L,  obv.  3, 5;  136  M,  obv.  2,  3;  136  N 
obv.  2;  136  P,  obv.  3;  136R,  rv.  2;  137,  obv.  2;  138,  obv.  3,  4;  138  A,  rv 
3,  5;  142,  obv.  3,  5;  143,  obv.  3;  144,  obv.  5,  6;  144  B,  rv.  3,  5;  145,  rv.  2 
146,  obv.  3;  147,  obv.  2,  4;  148  [obv.  2,  4];  151,  obv.  11;  151  A,  obv.  2,  4 
152,  obv.  2,  5;  154,  obv.  4,  6;  155,  obv.  5,  7,  8;  155  A,  obv.  3,  6;  166,  rv.  3 
167  A,  obv.  3;  169,  rv.  3;  183,  rv.  5;  185,  obv.  7,  9,  rv.  4;  187,  obv.  6  bis 
187  A,  obv.  6;  193,  obv.  8,  rv.  1;  196,  obv.  5,  7;  209,  obv.  2;  232,  obv.  10, 
14;  234,  obv.  5,  8;  235,  obv.  9;  236  F,  rv.  1;  241,  rv.  2,  3;  242,  obv.  6  bis 
243,  rv.  5;  243  A,  obv.  3,  4;  244  C,  obv.  7;  265  A,  obv.  3,  5;  268,  obv.  11 
269,  obv.  13,  rv.  2;  270,  obv.  3,  rv.  11;  271,  obv.  10,  rv.  2, 3, 4, 11;  272,  obv 
8,  rv.  7  bis,  13.  Sar  Akkadi  ki,  31,  obv.  7;  34,  obv.  5;  35,  obv.  6,  9;  38 
obv.  4,  7;  44,  rv.  4;  91,  obv.  4;  92,  obv.  3;  94,  obv.  4;  96  A,  obv.  3;  96 B 
obv.  2;  105,  rv.  6;  110,  obv.  3;  111,  obv.  4;  112,  obv.  2;  112B,  obv  3;  113 
obv.  5;  114,  obv.  2;  114  A,  obv.  2;  115  C,  obv.  2;  117,  obv.  4;  119,  obv.  3 
186,  obv.  5;  188,  obv.  4;  195,  rv.  6;  201,  rv.  1;  207,  obv.  5;  231,  obv.  4 
246C,  rv.  3.  Ak-ka-du-u,  152,  rv.  4. 
Johns,  ADD.,  Akkadi "^S  669,  obv.  4. 

The  sign  for  Akkadi  was  pronounced  Ti-il-la,^  which  was 
the  original  name  of  this  land.  Akkadi  is  the  Nisbeh-iovm, 
indicating  that  this  land  was  named  after  or  belonged  to  the  god- 
dess Agade  (or  Nina).  Her  city,  Nina^'(?)  was  a  sister-city 
of  Gir-Su'^'  (or  Su-gir  ^'=  Su  (m) -gir^S  Sii(n)-gir'^\ 
Sumir^'),  and  it  seems  probable  that  the  term  Sumir  u  Akkadi 
originally  designated  these  two  cities. 

Akkadi  designated  southern  Babylonia,  and  the  city  of  Erech 
belonged  to  it.^  It  should  not  be  confused  with  the  city  of  Akkad, 
which  never  occurs  in  the  Nisheh-iorm ;  nor  should  it  be  confused 
with  "^^^ Akada-ai,  which  was  an  older  name  of  the  land  of 
Urartu. 

Samas-udaninani  was  governor  of  Akkadi  and  Eponym 
in  the  year  644  b.  c. 

Akkad 

^lAK.Kad:  [337]  D.  T.  98,  obv.  6,  8,  [246]  83-1-18,  146,  obv.  5,  7,  10, 
13,  rv.  4;  ^'Ak-kad-e,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  10;  ^'Ak-ka-di,  [46]  K. 
939a,  obv.  8,  11,  [594]  K.  1118,  rv.  2. 

Nebukadrezzar  I.  ^'Ak-ka-di,  V  R.  55,  col.  2:50. 

Johns,  ADD.,  "^'Ak-kad,  930,  col.  II:  2,  6;  col.  Ill:  7. 

1 II  R.  48,  obv.  ri. 

2Naba-u§ab§i  calls  Erech  a  city  of  "^^tAkkadil^i,  ABL.,  266,  obv.  10  and  13. 


Agade,   Alzi  27 

It  seems  probable,  but  it  is  not  certain,  that  this  city  is  identical 
with  the  city  of  A-ga-de,  capital  of  Sargon  I. 

Agade 

Sargon  I,  Agade*^*,  PSBA.,  1885,  p.  68:3;  III  R.  4,  No.  7,  col.  I:  26; 

Cat.  de  Clerq,  I,  PI.  V,  No.  461, 1.  3;  OBI.,  No.  1,  1.  6;   No.  2,  1.  5;   No.  3, 

1.  3;  C.  J.  Ball,  Light  from  the  East,  p.  52,  1.  3;  RA.,  IV,  p.  8,  col.  I,  1.  3. 

Naram-Sin,  A-ga-dei^'  RA.,  IV,  p.  11,  1.  3;  RA.,  Ill,  PI.  VII,  No. 

22, 1.  2,  No.  23, 1.  3,  No.  26,  1.  1;  Rec.  de  Trav.,  XIX,  p.  187. 

Uammurabi,  A-ga-de^i,  Code,  4:50. 

Nabuna'id,  A-ga-de^i,  I  R.  69,  col.  2:  29,  48. 

Cyrus,  A-ga-deki,  Cyl.,  1.  31. 

T-dWqni^t,  MaqM,  A-ga-de^i,  2:177. 

The  city  of  Agade  was  a  sister-city  of  Sippara.  The  deity  of 
this  city  was  originally  Istar  of  Agade,  who  was  replaced  by 
Anunit.' 

The  temple  of  Agade  was  Bit  Ul-mas  (Nabuna'id's  Sippara- 
inscription,  II:  29,  85,  42,  44,  50;   Code  of  Hammurabi,  IV:  49). 

As  temple   towers   (ziggurati)   of  Agade  the  following  are 

known: 

Bit-Su-gal,  ziggurat  of  ""Tur-zi  (II  R.  50,  No.  1:10). 
Bit-Bar-si-6-di  (II  R.  50,  No.  I:  11. 

Alzi 
matAL.ZI:  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  10 

The  land  of  Alzi  became  Assyrian  territory  as  early  as  the 
time  of  Tukulti-Ninib  I,^  who  captured  this  land,  mentioning  it 
between  the  lands  of  Munnu  and  Madani.  These  lands  are  both 
situated  north  of  the  Tigris  and  the  land  of  Subria,  and  Madani 
must  be  located  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  upper  Tigris,  opposite 
Daria,  and  identical  with  the  land  of  Madni  of  the  inscriptions  of 
Asurnasirpal.^ 

In  the  time  of  Tiglath-Pileser  I,*  the  Muski  people  had  con- 
quered this  land  and  the  land  of  Purukumzi,  but  this  Assyrian 
king  succeeded  in  recapturing  it.^  On  this  expedition  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I  reached  the  land  of  Alzi  from  Subari,"  which  he  first 
had  to   conquer.     But    the    land    of    Subari,    afterward    called 

1  Compare  I  K.  69,  col.  2:48  with  col.  3:28.  2.4ji.,obv.  15. 

3^n.  2:110,  113.  ♦^n.  1:64. 

6TP.  1,^/1.  2:90;  Sm.  1874,  obv.  24.  6^n.2:84. 


28  Alzi 

Subria,  extended  along  the  northern  bank  of  the  Tigris^  (east- 
ward course),  and  Alzi  must  consequently  be  north  of  Subari 
and  also  north  of  Madni  (or  Madani).  Following  the  Tigris 
in  its  upper  north-south  course,  we  have  first  Subria  opposite 
Bit-Zamani  and  Amedi,  then  Madni  opposite  Daria  and 
mount  Argania,  and  finally  Alzi,  east  of  the  Tigris,  opposite 
Enzite. 

This  is  corroborated  by  the  inscriptions  of  Shalmaneser  II. 
That  king  had  again  to  recapture  the  land  of  Alzi,'  and  he  reaches 
it,  coming  from  the  city  of  Pitura,  through  the  mountain  pass  of 
Alzi,  and  from  this  land  he  proceeds  to  the  lands  of  Suhni  and 
Daiaeni.  The  city  of  Pitura  was  only  a  night's  march ^  from 
Tusba,  which  was  located  on  the  southern  shore  of  the  Tigris, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river  Kallama,*  and  the  city  of  Pitura 
was  most  probably  located  on  the  western  shore  of  this  river,  a 
little  north  of  the  city  of  Arbaki.^  The  land  of  Subni®  or 
Subme^was  situated  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Euphrates, 
opposite  Enzite,  Kireki  and  Alzi.  All  the  inscriptions  of 
Shalmaneser  II  agree,  that  this  king  did  not  cross  the  Tigris  on 
his  march  from  Pitura  to  Suhme  and  Daiaeni,  and  that  Alzi 
must  consequently  lie  east  of  the  Tigris. 

In  ABL.,  444,  is  a  report  concerning  a  meeting  of  five  gov- 
ernors (bel  pahati)  in  the  city  of  Uesi,  and  among  these 
governors  is  Siplia^  of  Alzi,  and  this  land  is  here  mentioned 
between  the  lands  of  Kaniun  and  Armiraliu,  which  are  both 
Urartean  domains,  and  the  former  of  these  was  located  not  far  to 
the  south  of  Turuspa. 

All  references  to  this  land  agree,  therefore,  in  locating  it  east 
of  the  Tigris.  This  is  important,  because  it  cannot  then  be 
identical  with  Enzi  or  Enzite,  as  Streck^  proposes,  claiming 
that  e  was  changed  to  a  and  n  to  /,  without  giving  any  evidence 

1  Opposite  a  1  Tush  a  ;  see  Anp.  An.  2:8,  12;  cf.  also  Knudtzon,  Gebete,  sub  Supria. 

^Shalmaneser  II,  An.  42  bis;  Layard  12:18. 

3AsurnasirpalIlI,4n.  2:104.  <TP.  IV,  PI.  I,  1.  35. 

SAgurnasirpal  III,  An.  2:112, 116;  Mon.,  rev.  30,  34,  49. 

ematgu-ub-ni,  Shalm.  II,  Layard  12:19;  An.  i5. 

7matsu-uh-me,  Shalm.  II,  Mon.  2:45  bis,  46;  from  these  inscriptions  it  is  certain 
that  the  two  names  indicate  the  same  land. 

8mSi-ip.li-a.  9^^.,XIII,  p.  94. 


Ampibabini,  AmurrO  29 

that  such  changes  occur  in  the  old  Armenian  language.  This 
theory,  improbable  at  first  sight,  must  now  be  permanently  dis- 
carded on  account  of  the  researches  of  Belck,"  who  has  found  in 
the  Armenian  geographical  literature  that  there  were  two  prov- 
inces, Enzi  and  Alzi,  and  that  it  was  first  in  the  Greek  period 
that  Alzi  was  included  in  the  province  of  Anzitene.^ 

Ampihabini 
mfttAm.PI.gA.A.BI.NI:  [802]  81-7-27,  39,  obv.  6. 

Nothing  else  is  known  of  this  land,  nor  does  this  letter  help 
us  assign  a  position  to  it.  The  scribe  of  this  letter  is  Samas- 
bel-usur,  and  if  he  should  be  identical  with  one  of  the  governors 
of  Kirruri  or  Arzuhina,  who  were  Eponyms  in  708  and  710 
B.  c.  respectively,  we  may  presume  that  he  wrote  concerning  some 
land  near  their  domains,  probably  in  Media  Atropatene. 

Streck^  compares  it  with  '^^  Am-pi-ba-bi,   K.  4785,  1.  26. 

The  reading  of  the  first  sign  is  uncertain.  Streck*  suggests 
Am,  which  I  have  here  adopted. 

AmurrO 

™atA.MUR.RU.U:  [337]  D.  T.  98,  rv.  14,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  21; 
•natMar-tuki,  [38]  K.  1019,  rv.  4,  [337]  D.  T.  98,  rv.  13,  [407 1  83-1-18, 
40,  rv.  2,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  16,  17;  ^atMar-tu,  [357]  D.  T.  98,  rv.  13, 
[629]  K.  1263,  obv.  19,  [679]  83-1-18,  61,  obv.  9;  mat  Mar  ki  [137]  K.  467, 
obv.  10,  14. 

Mar-tu^'  and  Amurrti  are  two  names,  used  in  the  Cunei- 
form inscriptions  to  denote  the  land  of  Syria-Palestine,  and 
especially  the  land  ruled  by  the  city  of  Damascus. 

This  name  belonged,  however,  originally  to  a  district  west  of 
Sippara.  In  a  contract  tablet,^  dated  in  the  reign  of  Ammisa- 
dugga  (1980-1959),®  a  region  near  Sippara  is  called  Amurrti, 
and  in  another  tablet'  of  this  period  we  find  this  name  identified 
with  Mar-tu^'.     The  latter  name  means  originally  the  "West 

•  Beitr&ge^  p.  75. 

J'AvfTjTa,  Ptolemy  13: 19,  see  below  under  Enzi. 

3  AJSL.,  XXII,  p.  217.  <  Ibidem. 

5  Meissner,  Beitrdge  z.  altbab.  Privairecht,  No.  42. 

6  For  the  dates  of  the  gammurabi  Dynasty,  cf.  my  Ancient  Chronology,  I,  pp.  73-82. 

7  Ibidem,  No.  72. 


30  AmurrG 

land."  Paton*  takes  this  to  indicate  that  this  district  of  Sippara 
as  well  as  Syria-Palestine  was  peopled  by  Amorites  in  the  great 
migration,  which  he  designates  as  the  "Amoritic,"  and  which  he 
regards  as  having  come  up  from  Arabia.  This  is,  however,  impos- 
sible, because  the  origin  of  the  cuneiform  signs  for  the  cardinal 
points  must  antedate  the  "Amorite"  migration  by  many  centuries, 
if  not  millennia.  Nor  is  it  likely  that  the  Kiengi  people,  when 
they  invented  the  cuneiform  signs,  knew  of  Syria- Palestine  and 
designated  it  as  the  "West-land"  (Mar-tu^i),  for  Mar-tu^^ 
cannot  indicate  some  land  located  somewhere  in  the  west,  but 
must  be  the  land,  where  the  god^  or  the  genius  of  the  west  had 
his  dwelling.  That  land  must  be  in  or  near  Babylonia,  and  a 
district  near  Sippara  fits  well,  because  we  should  expect  that  the 
cardinal  points  would  refer  to  some  temple  with  an  ancient  Sun- 
cult,  like  that  of  the  Sun-city  of  Sippara.  We  may  then  conclude 
that  Mar-tu'^^  was  the  ancient  Kiengi -name  of  a  district,  west 
of  Sippara,  and  that  the  Semites  called  this  district  by  the  name 
of  Amurrti.  There  is  nothing  whatever  to  prove  that  the 
Amorite  migration  came  from  Arabia,  but  there  is  a  great  proba- 
bility that  it  originated  in  Babylonia,  through  pressure  from 
Elam,  because  Babylonia  was  often  the  prey  of  Elamite  con- 
querors, as  in  the  time  of  Kudur-nankhundi,  Kudur-Mabuk,  and 
Kedorlaomer.  Nor  has  it  been  proved  that  names  from  this 
time,  compounded  with  Ammi,  Abi,  or  Sumu,  are  specific 
Amorite  or  old  Arabic  names.^ 

Sargon  of  Akkad  conquered  the  land  of  Martu  in  Syria  and 
it  was  already  at  this  time  called  Amurri,  for  he  affixes  the 
ending  am  to  the  ideograph  Mar-tu,  writing  Mar-tu-am* 
which  must  be  read  Amurra-am. 

Gudea^  also  knew  of  this  land  and  mentions  two  of  its  moun- 

1  The  Early  History  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  pp.  28,  29. 

2  A  god  i  1 "  M  a  r  - 1  u  ,  identical  with  Adad  or  Ramman,  is  well  known  in  the  Cuneiform 
inscriptions,  and  in  ABL.,  474,  81-2-4,  67,  obv.  6,  he  is  a  god  of  Akkadi.  According  to  TP.  I, 
An.  4:87,  he  had  a  temple  in  the  city  of  Assur,  and  that  temple  is  otherwise  called  the 
temple  of  Ramman  (Adad).  Jensen's  (ZA.,  XI,  pp.  303  f.)  and  Zimmern's  {KAT.^,  p.  433) 
theory  that  this  god  was  a  western  importation  to  Babylonia  and  Assyria  has  not  been 
proved,  and  is  improbable. 

sPaton,  The  Early  History  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  pp.  25  ff. 
*R.  A.  IV,  3,  PI.  IV,  n.  17,  1.3;  cf.  Ma  r-t  u-ne-ki-ma  ,  i?4.,  IV,  p.  76,  n.  2. 
5Cyl.  B,  6:6, 14. 


AmuerC  31 

tains,  Sub-sal-la  and  Ti-da-num.'  Kudur-Mabuk*  calls  him- 
self ad-da  of  ""^^Mar-tu. 

5-ammurabi^  calls  himself  king  of  Mar-[tu^']  and  mentions 
Sinidinnam*  as  governor  (gal)  of  Mar-tu.*  Ammiditana*  is 
also  king  of  this  land. 

In  the  Amarna  period  this  land  is  referred  to  as  "^**Mar-tu/ 
™**Amurru,*  and  ^^Amurra."  The  readings  A-mu-ri  and 
A-mu-ur-ra  settle  the  question  whether  we  should  read  the  middle 
sign  bar  or  mur.  Abd-'^^-As-ra-tum  was  its  king  and  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Aziru.  His  residence  was  the  city  of 
Amurri,  but  we  infer  that  the  land,  of  which  the  city  of  Amurri 
was  the  capital,  consisted  of  several  provinces,  because  these  let- 
ters speak  of  the  lands  (mutate)  of  Amurri.  Near  this  land 
were  the  cities  of  Nukasse,  Qatna,  Sumur,  and  Tunip. 

The  city  of  Damascus  is  called  a  city  of  ™^*Mar-tu^','°  but 
that  city  is  otherwise  known  as  the  capital  of  ""^^Sa-imeri-su" 
or  "land  of  Damascus,"  and  it  seems  therefore  as  if  ™**'Mar-tu^^ 
and  '°*'^Sa-imeri-su  are  equivalent  terms, 

Tiglath-Pileser  I  refers  to  the  land  of™**A-mur-ri;'^  and 
Asurnasirpal'^  claims  to  have  received  tribute  from  it.  Shalmane- 
ser  II  overthrew  the  cities  of  ™**^A-mur-ri."  Adad-Nirari  III 
conquered  the  lands  of  5at-ti  and  A-mur-ri,'^  Sur-ra  (Tyre), 
Si-du-nu  (Sidon)  and  ^u-um-ri-i  (Samaria).  At  this  time 
Amurri  included  neither  the  Hittites,  the  coast-cities,  nor  Samaria. 

Sargon,  on  the  other  hand,  ruled  the  "wide  land"  of  ™**Mar- 
tu^S'*  and    refers   to   the  land   of  the   Hittites   as   the   land   of 

•Another  mountain  ^^*^La-bii  is  also  said  to  lie  in  '"^'A-mur-ri-e. 

2IE.  2,  No.  3,  1.  4.  3  ffi.,  No.  66,  col.  2,1.  3.  *  Hi.,  No.  4«,  11.  2,  5. 

5  The  references  of  Kudur-Mabug  and  gamtnurabi  refer,  however,  undoubtedly  to  the 
land  on  Ibe  western  bank  of  the  lower  Euphrates. 

6HL.,  No.lOO,  1.7.  TAL.il-.SH;  46:24;  138:23. 

8  mftt^n^ur.7^  ^2..  42:14:  m*tA-mur-ri,  41,.  38:8,  15;  50:  rv.  32;  57:15 ;  69:69; 
75:63;  102:38;  112:rv.7.10;  124:5,21,29,35;  129:24;  137:39;143:24,30;258:rv.3.  '"^tA-mu-ri, 
^L.  .59:48;  66:8;  90:8;  "i^^ft  t  \.^  y.  j-i ,  aL.  44:1.5,  22;  127:9;  ^^tA-mu  r- ra  ,  AL. 
78:10;  114:17. 

98lA-mu-ur-ra,  4L.  50,  obv.  1.  lo  Sargon,  4n.  52 ;  XIV:46. 

II  Adad-Nirari  III,  I  R.  35,  No.  1, 1. 15.  12  Broken  ob.  4 :39. 

i;">*^A-mur-ri,  4n.  3:85;  ™**A-mur-ra-ai,  .In.  3:86;  No.  76,4:26. 

uMon.  2:6;  Balw.  2:2  ;  tnatjiar -t  u^^i,  Balw.  2:2. 

151E.  35,  No.  1, 1. 11.  16X:  17;  XIV:  46;  An.  52. 


32  AMURRtr 

™**A-mur-ri-e.'  He  speaks  of  the  language  (li-sa-an)  of 
mat]y[ap_^^ki  2  ^IjjjjIj  probably  indicates  the  language  of  Syria. 

Sennacherib  conquered  the  land  of  Mar-tu^**  and  mentions 
as  its  cities  *^  Sam-si-mu-ru-na-ai,  ^*  Si-du-un-na-ai, 
*^A-ru-da-ai,  ^^Gu-ub-la-ai,  ^^As-du-da-ai,  Bit  Am-ma- 
na-ai,  ™^*Ma-'-ba-ai,  ™^*U-du-um-ma-ai.  Here  are  not 
only  the  coast  cities  of  Phoenicia  and  Philistia,  but  also  the  trans- 
Jordanic  lands  of  Moab  and  Ammon  as  well  as  Edom,  included 
in  "^**Mar-tu. 

Nebukadrezzar  I,*  Asurbanipal,^  Nabuna'id/  and  Cyrus'  refer 
also  in  their  inscriptions  to  this  land. 

In  the  letters^  this  land  is  also  called  "^^Mar^'.  From  sev- 
eral references  in  the  Astrological  reports  to  the  land  of  Mar-tu^', 
where  that  land  is  called  ™**Mar^','  or  even  ™^*Mar,  it  is  cer- 
tain that  this  Mar^''"  is  identical  with  Amurru.  A  list  of  refer- 
ences to  this  land  in  these  Astrological  reports"  follows: 

matA-mu-ri-e:  [42]  Sm.  1073,  obv.  8;  [43]  K.  705,  rv.  7;  [98]  K.  864, 
obv.  8.'2 

mat  A-mur-ri-i:  [68]  K.  774,  obv.  2;  [119]  K.  703,  rv.  3. 

matA-mur[-ri-i]:  [91]  K.  86,  obv.  2. 

matMar-tuki;  [43]  K.  705,  obv.  7,  rv.  5;  [52  A]  81-2^,  138,  rv.  5; 
[80]  K.  713  obv.  3;  [80  A]  82-5-22,  72,  obv.  3;  [77]  83-1-18,  184,  obv.  3; 
[78]  K.  722,  obv.  3;  [79]  83-1-18,  173,  obv.  4;  [98]  K.  864,  obv.  7;  [99]  K. 
771,  rv.  2;  [101]  81-2-4,  83,  obv.  4,  rv.  2,  4;  [102]  83-1-18,  246,  obv.  4; 
[103]  Sm.  375,  obv.  5;  [107]  Bu.  89-4-26,  166,  obv.  10,  rv.  5,  6;  [157  B]  K. 
1369,  obv.  6;  [167]  80-7-19,  371,  obv.  7,  rv.  6,  9,  11,  12;  [192]  Bu.  89-4-26, 
3,  obv.  5;  [193]  83-1-18,  179,  obv.  2;  [206]  K.  731,  obv.  10;  [211]  K.  758, 
rv.  1;  [211  A]  K.  12176,  obv.  4;  [222]  83-1-18,  181,  rv.  2;  [258]  Sm.  1043, 
rv.  2;  [268]  K.  2085,  obv.  5,  9,  12;  [273]  Sm.  231,  obv.  3;  [274  F]  K.  1384, 
rv,  4,  5,  6. 

mat  Mar- tu:  [64  A]  K.  1340,  obv.  2;  [67]  83-1-18,  194.  obv.  3;  [69  A] 
80-7-19, 176,  obv.  6;  [79  A]  K.  1407,  obv.  3;  [76]  83-1-18, 183,  obv.  3;  [100] 
K.  1405,  rv.  4;  [156]  Bu.  91-5-9,  8,  rv.  1,  2;  [166]  K.  694,  rv.  3;  [270]  K. 
955,  rv.  11. 

iAn.il.  »X:161.  31  R.  38:55. 

imatA-mur-ri-i,  1:10.  smfttmar- tuki,  4n.,  col.  8, 1. 16. 

6  Nab.-Cyras  Chron.  A :  15.  ^  Cyl.  C.  29.  »  aBL.,  No.  137,  obv.  10, 14. 

9Thomps.,RMA.,  [25]  K.  770,  rv.  5;[88]  K.  712,  rv.  5;  Sar  Marki,  [56]  K.  1341,  obv.  5. 

10  [17]  K.  803,  rv.  3;  [41]  K.  791,  rv.  7 ;  [104]  81-2-4,  145,  obv.  5 ;  [271]  K.  750,  obv.  10. 

'1  Thompson,  The  Reports  of  the  Magicians  and  Astrologers. 

12  A  gloss  to  the  same  line  reads  m*"t^A-mur-ri-e. 


AmubrCj  33 

Mar-tuki :  [44]  80-7-19,  63,  rv.  8;  [63]  K.  776,  obv.  2;  [64]  83-1-18, 
298,  obv.  2;  [64  B]  K.  1927,  obv.  2;  [65]  82-5-22,  50,  obv.  5;  [66]  K.  809, 
obv.  2;  [67]  83-1-18, 194,  obv.  2;  [69]  82-5-22,  49,  obv.  2;  [70]  81-2-4,  79, 
obv.  2;  [69  A]  80-7-19,  176,  obv.  2;  [74]  Rm.  203,  obv.  5,  rv.  1;  [75]  K.  695, 
obv.  2;  [58]  K.  693,  obv.  4;  [81  D]  80-7-19, 197,  obv.  4;  [81  K]  K.  901,  obv.  2; 
[87  A]  K.  1007,  obv.  4;  [136  K]  K.  1339,  rv.  2;  [137]  K.  799,  rv.  2,  4;  [151] 
81-2-4,  102,  rv.  1;  [234]  82-5-22,  46,  rv.  2,  6;  [262  B]  K.  12555,  obv.  2; 
[272  B]  K.  702,  obv.  4. 

Mar-tu:  [94]  K.  120  A,  rv.  7;  [151]  81-2-4,  102,  rv.  1;  [269]  K.  815, 
rv.  4,  9. 

As  the  sign  for  mur  has  also  the  value  bar,  the  name 
A-mur-ri  was  formerly  read  A-bar-ri'  and  supposed  to  denote 
the  "hinterland"  i.  e.,  the  "West-land." 

In  the  letters,  especially  ABL.,  No.  337  and  No.  629, 
™^*Mar-tu  and  '"'^^A-mur-ru-u,  appear  together  in  a  way,  as 
if  the  latter  were  a  part  of  the  former,"  and  it  has  been  suggested 
that  we  might  read  °^^*^Martu  as  ""^^A-bar-ru,  or  the  "West- 
land"  ("hinterland"). 

The  objections  to  a  reading  ""^^A-bar-ru  are  based  chiefly  on 
the  following  considerations: 

1.  In  the  O. T.  the  word  "iin5<  never  denotes  a  land,  a  "hinter- 
land" or  a  "West-land,"  i.  e.,  it  is  not  used  as  a  geographical 
name  in  any  sense;  nor  have  I  found  this  word  so  used  in  any 
other  Semitic  dialect.  It  is  true  that  the  Hebrew  and  Encjlish 
Lexicon,  by  Brown,  Driver,  and  Briggs,  p.  30,  once  claims  the 
meaning  "west"-land  for  'abor,  viz.,  Is.  9:11,  but  it  is  prob- 
ably wrong  in  the  conception  of  this  verse,  for  Isaiah  says  about 
Israel  and  Samaria:  ^^ Aram  from  before  and  the  Philistines 
from  behind,  and  they  shall  devour  Israel  with  open  mouth. ^^ 
Although  kedhem  sometimes  means  'east'  it  denotes  also  'front, 
in  front  of,'  and  it  is  certain  that  Philistia  was  not  to  the  west, 
but  to  the  south  of  Israel  and  Samaria,  and  Damascus  (and  it  is 
to  this  city  '"Aram"  refers  in  this  verse)  was  not  to  the  east  but 
to  the  north  of  Samaria.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  'AbQr, 
even  in  this  passage,  cannot  mean  "west"  or  "west-land." 

This  dictionary  also  gives  the  meaning  "western"  to  'Abaron 
(Deut.   11:24;    34:2;    Job  2: '20;    Zech.  14:8),   and  compares  it 

>  See  Delitzsch,  H  WB.,  sub  A  -  ^  a  r  -  r  i . 
See  on  this  subject  a  note  by  B.  F.  Harper  in  AJSL.,  April,  1899,  p.  142. 


34  AMURRt 

with  a  supposed  Assyrian  ™^*Abarru,  but  it  should  be  noted  that 
all  these  passages  deal  with  a  "western  (?)  sea,"  not  with  any 
"west-land,"  and  that  although  the  Mediterranean  may  be  called 
a  "western  sea,"  it  does  not  prove  that  Palestine  was  called  a 
"west-land."  It  should  also  be  noted  that  the  Hebrew  form 
'AbarOn  cannot  represent  a  supposed  Ass.  Aharru.  It  seems 
therefore,  that  if  the  Assyrians,  who  so  often  used  the  ideogram 
Mar-tu,  read  this  as  Aharru,  there  should  be  some  trace  of  that 
name  in  the  other  Semitic  dialects,  a7id  especially  so  in  Hebrew. 

2.  In  the  Amarna  period  it  is  certain  that  the  sign  for  mur 
(or  bar)  was  read  mu-ur  or  mu-ri  and  that  Mar-tu  and 
A-mur-ru-u  or  A-mu-ur-ra  are  then  synonymous  terms  for 
the  kingdom  of  Abd-Asirta  and  Aziru.  There  is  nothing  to  prove 
that  a  dififerent  reading  was  adopted  at  a  subsequent  period.  It 
should  also  be  noted  that  the  sons  of  Abd-Asirta  and  Aziru 
were  in  alliance  with  the  Khabiri   (or  Hebrews). 

3.  Now  the  O.  T.,  while  it  knows  of  no  land  called  AkhSr,  men- 
tions frequently  an  "Amorite"  land,  the  name  being  a  Nisheh, 
'amor I,  like  the  Assyrian  Amurrti,  and  this  land  or  people  was 
conquered  by  the  Hebrews.  This  name  is  used:'  (a)  of  a  pre- 
Israelitish  people  living  east  of  the  Jordan;  Sennacherib  also 
included  Moab  and  Ammon  in  ""^^Mar-tu  ;  (6)  of  a  people  west 
of  Jordan;  (c)  of  a  southern  people;  Sennacherib  included  Edom 
in  ™**Martu;  (cZ)  of  the  ancient  population  of  Canaan  in  gene- 
ral; Sennacherib  included  the  coast  cities  of  Phoenicia  and  Phi- 
listia  in  ™^*Mar-tu.  It  should  be  noticed  that  Sennacherib  uses 
the  name  ™**Mar-tu,  where  O.  T.  uses  the  term  "the^  Amorite." 

4.  The  strongest  evidence  for  reading  this  name  Amurru 
instead  of  Aharru  is  perhaps  furnished  by  the  Egyptian  inscrip- 
tions. These  inscriptions  know  of  no  land  Abarru  or  A^or  in 
Palestine  or  Syria,  but  they  refer  frequently  to  a  land  Amor. 
Thus  Seti  I  speaks  of  the  city  of  Kadesh  in  the  land  of  Amor^ 
(Y-m-r).     Professor  Breasted  locates  this  Kadesh*  in  the  moun- 

1  For  biblical  references,  see  Encyclopedia  Biblica,  article  "  Amorites." 

2  The  article  is  used  in  the  O.  T.  with  this  name  everywhere,  except  Num.  21:29, 
Ezek.l6:45. 

3  Breasted,  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,  III,  141. 
*  Ibid.,  note  1. 


Andia  35 

tains  of  Galilee,  while  W.  Max  Milller*  contends  that  it  is  the 
Kadesh  on  the  Orontes.  Ramses  II  speaks  of  the  "Shore  in  the 
land  of  Amor"  ('-m-w-r'),'^  which  here  refers  to  the  Phoenician 
coast,  just  as  Sennacherib  calls  Arvad,  Gubla,  Sidon,  and  Tyre 
cities  of  ""^^Mar-tu.  While  Ramses  II  is  at  Kadesh  on  the 
Orontes,  he  receives  recruits  from  the  land  of  Amor.^  In  a  list 
of  cities  conquered  in  northern  Palestine,  Ramses  II  mentions 
"Deper  (D'-pw-r')  in  the  land  of  Amor."*  Breasted  locates 
this  city  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tabor,  but  W.  Max  Mftller  places 
it  further  north  near  Kadesh/  In  the  reliefs  of  Ramses  III  at 
Medinet  Habu,  Amor  appears  between  the  Hittites  and  the  Asiatics, 
the  order  being:  Kheta,  Amor,**  Thekel,  Sherden,  Shasu,  Teresh 
and  Peleset  (Philistia) ;  and  this  locates  the  Amorites ,  south  of 
the  Hittites  and  as  neighbors  of  the  Phoenicians  (Thekel),  Amor, 
in  the  Egyptian  inscriptions,  is  then  quite  an  extensive  land, 
including  Kadesh,  the  Phoenician  coast,  and  bordering  on  the 
land  of  the  Hittites. 

Taking  all  this  into  consideration,  it  seems  most  probable  that 
Mar-tu  should  be  read  Amurru,  and  further  that  we  should  read 
A-mur-ru  and  not  A-har-ru.' 

Andia 

mfttAN.DI.A:  [466]  Sm.  51,  obv.  2,  rv.  3,  [515]  K.621,obv.  5;  '''An- 
di-[a],  [215]  K.  1037,  rv.  2. 

The  city  of  Andia  seems,  according  to  ABL.  No.  215,  to  have 
been  situated  near  Urartu,  Mannai,  and  Zikirta.  The  land  of 
Mannai  lay  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Urmia,  and  Zikirta  on  its 
eastern  shore,  Urartu  extended  from  Lake  Van  southeastward 
to  Mannai,  and  sometimes  even  included  that  land  as  one  of  its 
provinces.     The  scribe  of    this  letter,  a  certain  ™Bag-te-sup, 

•  Asien  und  Europa,  p.  217. 

2  Breasted,  Aricient  Records  of  Egypt,  III,  310.  3  ibid.,  340, 

••Breasted,  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,  III,  356. 

5  Asien  und  Europa,  p.  221. 

« Breasted,  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,  IV,  129.  For  other  references  to  the  land  of 
Amor,  see  ibid.,  IV,  39,  64, 117, 127. 

'Soo  Muss-Arnolt,  Concise  Dictionary  of  the  Assyrian  Language,  sub  Abarru  and 
Amurri.  For  further  discussion  of  this  name,  see  Delattre,  PSBA.,  1891,  233,234;  ZA., 
VII,  22 ;  RP.i,  v.  95,  rm.  4 ;  98,  rm.  2. 


36  Andia 

whose  name  is  evidently  a  compound  of  Bag'  and  Te-sup,  the 
god  not  only  of  Mitanni  and  ancient  Kir^u  and  Gorduene 
(cf.  Sadi-Tesup,  Kali-Tesup,  Kili-Tesup),  but  also  of  the 
Gimirrai  (cf.  the  name  Te-us-pa),  and  this  scribe  may  there- 
fore very  well  have  been  from  the  land  of  Gimirra.  This  land 
lay  to  the  north  of  Lake  Urmia  and  east  of  Urartu,  and  it  seems 
therefore  probable  that  Andia  was  located  on  the  northwestern 
shore  of  Lake  Urmia,  between  that  lake  and  the  land  of  Gimirra. 

This  is  borne  out  by  other  references  to  this  land.  In  ABL., 
466,  the  crown  prince  of  ^^'^An-di-ai  writes  about  a  horse 
transport,  and  incidentally  he  mentions  also  a  nobleman  ™  A-pil- 
sar-usur  from  the  land  of  Mannai,  and  from  this  we  may 
infer  that  the  two  lands  lay  near  each  other. 

In  ABL.,  515,  a  messenger  of  ™^*An-di-ai  is  mentioned  in 
connection  with  and  between  those  of  the  lands  of  Urartu  and 
Zikirai.  The  latter  name  is  undoubtedly  a  misspelling  for 
Zikirtai,  and  the  same  name  is  again  misspelled  in  obv.  1.  15  as 
""^^Zi-ki-ti-a.  The  scribe  of  this  letter,  ""Bel-nadin,  informs 
the  Assyrian  king  that  the  messengers  from  Andia  and  Zikirai 
(Zikirtai)  have  gone  to  the  city  of  LTesi.  That  city  is  well 
known;  it  belonged  to  Urartu,  and  lay  southeast  from  Lake 
Van,  near  the  borders  of  Mannai.  My  location  of  ™^* Andia 
on  the  northwestern  shore  of  Lake  Urmia  fits  in  well  with  the 
situation  given  in  this  letter. 

In  the  historical  inscriptions  we  find  this  land  mentioned  in 
the  annals  of  Shalmaneser  II."  His  Turtan  Daian-Asur  re- 
ceived tribute,  in  the  31st  year  of  Shalmaneser  II,  from  Gilzani, 
Burisa,  5arrana,  Sasgana,  and  Andia.  The  order  here 
suggests  a  locality  northeast  of  Gilzani  (Kirzan)  and  northwest 
of  Lake  Urmia. 

Adad-Nirari  III  claims  to  have  conquered  Parsua,  AUa- 
bria,  Abdadana,  Nairi,  and  ""^^ An-di-u.^  Nairi  is  here 
the  land  round  5ubuskia.  Parsua  is  to  the  southwest  and 
south  of  Lake  Urmia,  and  the  other  lands  are  all  located  west  of 

iBag  or  Baga  is  an  old  Median  word  for  divinity.    The  name  would  thus  signify 
"  Tesup  is  god,"  and  would  be  a  name  formed  like  Hebrew  Joel,  "  Yah  or  Yahweh  is  god." 
zmat^n.^i.ai,  ob.  182. 
JIR.  35, 1, 1.  9. 


Andia  37 

that  lake,  even  west  of  Mannai.  The  order  goes  from  south  to 
north,  and  Andia  would  therefore  well  fit  a  province  to  the 
northwest  of  that  lake.  Billerbeck'  locates  it  north  of  Lake 
Urmia.  Streck,''  however,  misled  by  a  note  in  the  inscription  of 
Adad-Nirari  III,  that  "its  location  was  far  away"  (sa  asar-su 
rfiku),  locates  it  east  of  Lake  Urmia.  This  seems  impossible, 
especially  as  he  locates  Par  sua  also  east  of  Urmia,  and  between 
that  lake  and  Andia.  The  Assyrian  kingdom  in  the  time  of 
Adad-Nirari  extended  not  further  to  the  east  and  north  than 
^ubuskia,  and  Andia  would  then  certainly  be  regarded  as  a 
"far  away  land,"  when  it  lay  on  the  northwest  of  Lake  Urmia. 

My  location  of  Andia  is  finally  corroborated  by  the  inscrip- 
tions of  Sargon.  In  his  7th  year,  Sargon  attacked  Telusina, 
king  of  '"^''An-di-ai,'  and  captured  eight  towered  cities  (birate) 
and  4,200  men  in  the  province  of  ™**Tu-a-ia-a-di,*  in  the  land 
of  Andia.  The  order  in  the  inscriptions  of  Sargon  is:  Mannai, 
Andia,  Zikirtu,  or  Urartu,  Musasir,  Andia,  and  Zikirtu. 

It  would  appear  from  all  the  inscriptions,  that  Andia  lay  on 
the  northwest,  or  perhaps  the  northern,  shore  of  Lake  Urmia. 

In  the  inscriptions  of  Tiglath-Pileser  I  we  find  a  land  ""^^  An- 
di-a-be,^  given  there  as  a  province  of  Nairi.  If  this  be  identi- 
cal with  Andia,  then  it  must  be  west  of  Lake  Urmia,  for  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I  never  went  as  far  east  as  the  eastern  shore  of  that 
lake.  He  captured  9 aria,  and  that  land  is  undoubtedly  identi- 
cal with  the  ^Jarrana  of  the  inscriptions  of  Shalmaneser  II, 
and  as  we  found  above  that  Andia  did  not  lie  far  from  5ar- 
rana,  it  would  not  be  strange  if  Tiglath-Pileser  I,  after  his 
conquest  of  Haria,  also  reached  Andia,  and  that  its  name  was 
pronounced  at  this  time  as  An-di-a-be. 

With  Andia  should  perhaps  also  be  associated  another  land, 
""^^^Mi-si-an-di-a,"    a   province   of   Mannai,   and  captured  by 

^  SaTidshak-Suleirnania,  p.  156. 

2Z>4.,  XV,  p.  316;  ibid.,  p.  315.  Strock  claims  that  Samsiramman  should  have  referred 
to  •"  '^'' An-d  i  -u.  It  is  Adad-Nirari  III,  and  not  §am5i-Adad  IV,  whoso  inscription  is  given 
in  I  R.  35,  No.  1. 

•tSara.  An.  81;  X:45;  Sm.51;  "^'^*' An- di- a ,  Surg.  Cyl.'^;  XIV:8;  pp.  IV:20;  Stela, 
38;  Bull.-his.  13. 

<Sarg.  X:44.  5  ^n.  4:74. 

6Sarg.  X:37. 


38  Anisu,  Appina 

Sargon.  HommeP  identifies  this  land  with  Mesu,  but  that  is 
impossible,  for  the  land  of  Mesu  lay  between  Zamua  and 
Mazamua,  south  of  the  lower  Zab,  in  the  region  of  the  river  Ra- 
danu.  As  Misiandia  was  a  province  of  Mannai,  I  would 
suggest  that  it  lay  between^  Mannai  and  Anftia. 

Anisu 
^»A.NI.SU  :  [173]  K.  686,  obv.  6,  8 

Nothing  else  is  known  of  this  city,  so  far  as  I  am  aware.  The 
scribe  is  a  certain  ™Tab-Asur,  but  he  is  not  otherwise  known. 
The  letter  was  written  to  Sargon,  for  it  contains  a  greeting  to 
Dur-Sarrukin  ('^^Bir-a-te),  and  also  a  reference  to  the  land 
of  "i^^Kir-tu  and  the  city  of  '^^la-ri.  That  city  was  perhaps 
located  in  Kasiari,  and  in  that  mountain,  or  north  of  it,  in  the 
land  of  Kirhu,  I  would  provisionally  locate  the  city  of  Anisu. 

Appina 
-^lAP.PI.NA  :  [343]  83-1-18,  18,  obv.  4, 12 

The  city  of  Appina  is  also  unknown  in  the  Cuneiform  litera- 
ture, outside  of  this  letter.  It  had  a  fortress  (bal-su),  the  com- 
mandant (**™®^Rabu)  of  which,  a  certain  ™Za-ba-ai,  wrote  this 
letter.  A  man  by  that  name  appears  in  ABL.,  No.  275,  obv.  13, 
and  he  was  from  southern  Babylonia,  either  Pukudu  or  Bit- 
Am  ukani,  but  it  is  impossible  to  say  if  the  two  men  are  identical, 
and  nothing  can  therefore  be  said  about  the  location  of  Appina. 

1  Geschichte,  p.  713,  note. 

2  M  i  -  8  i  =  ine'o-os, '  middle,'  '  between.' 


GEOGRAPHICAL  LIST  TO  R.  F.  HARPER'S  ASSYRIAN 
AND  BABYLONIAN  LETTERS,  VOLS.  I-VIII.' 

a  I  A.  B  A.  A I :  [509J  81-2^,  123,  obv  7. 

nftrA.BA.XI:  [781]  K.  823,  rv.  5. 

aiAB.DU.DI:  [1581  K.  530,  obv.  7. 

aiA.DA.RI.5I.TI :  [771]  81-1-18,  49,  obv.  8. 

aiA.DI.A:  [683]  Rm  550,  rv.  6. 

aiA.DI.I[N.NU]:  [500]  K.  1303,  obv.   6;   [a]lA-ti-nu:   [762]  R'"  2, 

529,  rv.  7. 
mat  AI :   [107]  K.  4304,  obv.  8,  [159]  K.  1025,  obv.  7,  [434]  Bu.  89-4-26, 
163,  obv.  10,  21,  [556]  K.  683,  obv.  21;  amei  matAi,  [128]  K.  650,  obv. 
5  [174]  K.  619,  rv.  12,  [713]  R"*  59,  obv.  5. 
matAK.BA.NU :  [520]  K.  680,  obv.  7, 11. 
aiA.KI.MA.DI.E:  [328]  K.  638,  rv.  21. 

matAKKADi^i:  [9]  K.  618,  rv.  5;   [46]  K.  939a,  obv.  13,  19,  22,  [50]  K. 
1242,  rv.  2,  [149]  K.  540,  obv.  9,  [223]  K.  112,  obv.  13,  [266]  K.  79,  obv. 
10,  [269]  K.  528,  rv.  9,  [358]  R^  76,  obv.  8,  [437]  K.  168,  rv.  9, 19,  [444] 
K.  645,  obv.  4,  [474]  81-2-4,  67,  obv.  7,  [518]  83-1-18,  27,  rv.  8,  [539] 
K.  17,  obv.  17,  rv.  24,  [540]  K.  87,  rv.  3,  [542]  K.  114,  rv.  23,  [622]  K. 
1210,  rv.  4,  [716]  K.  31,  obv.  7,  rv.  7,  [760]  R«n  2,  7,  obv.  6,  [815]  48-7- 
20,  116,  rv.  11,  15,  [841]  K.  4757,  rv.  19;  matAk-ka-di-i,  [7]  K.  601, 
obv.  16,  rv.  8,  [435]  Bu.  89-4-26,  161,  rv.  10. 
aiAK.KAD:  [337]  D.  T.  98,  obv.  6,  8,  [746]  83-1-18,  146,  obv.  5,  7,  10, 
13,  rv.  4;  aiAk-kad-e,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  10;   aiAk-ka-di,  [46] 
K.  939a,  obv.  8, 11,  [594]  K.  1118,  rv.  2. 
mfttAL.ZI :  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  10. 
matAM.PI.gA.A.BI.NI:  [802]  81-7-27,  39,  obv.  6. 
matA.MUR.RU.U:  [337]  D.  T.  98,  rv.  14,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  21;   -"at 
Mar-tu"^',  [38]  K.  1049,  rv.  4,  [337]  D.  T.  98,  rv.  13,  [407]  83-1-18, 
40,  rv.  2,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  16, 17;  ^atMar-tu,  [337]  D.T.  98,  rv.  13. 
[629]  K.  1263,  obv.  19,  [679]  83-1-18,  61,  obv.  9. 
ameiMAR*^':  [137]  K.  467,  obv.  12;  m  at  Ma  r"^*,  [137]  K.  467,  obv.  10, 14. 
mat  AN.  DI.  A:  [466]  Sm.  51,  obv.  2,  rv.  3,  [515]  K.  621,  obv.  5;   alAn- 

di-[a],  [215]K.1037,  rv.  2. 
aiA.NI.su  :  [173]  K.  686,  obv.  6,  8. 
aiAP.PI.NA:  [343]  83-1-18,  18,  obv.  4,  12. 

ameiA.RA.BU:  [262]  K.  607,  obv.  10;  ^atA-ri-bi,  [629]  K.  1263,rv.  1; 
matAr-ba-ai,  [631]  K.  1265,  obv.  3,  7;  ameiAr-a-bi,  [260]  K.  562, 
obv.  10. 

1  Corrected  and  rearranged  from  AJSL,  Vol.  XXI,  pp.  83-99. 

39 


40  Geogbaphioal  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

aiA.RA.AK.DI:  [408]  R^  2, 1,  obv.  20,  rv.  9. 
8adA.RA.LIM  :  [202]  K.  83,  obv.  13. 

•nfttA.RA.MU:  [539]  K.  17, obv.  18;  °iatA(?)-[ra]-me, [771],  81-1-18, 
49,  obv.  8. 

a«ieiA.RA.MU  :  [747]  K.  923,  obv.  4. 

aiARBA.ILI:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  21,  [64]  K.  550,  obv.  14,  [179]  K.  664, 
obv.  7,  [212]  K.  1199,  obv.  10,  [333]  K.  651,  obv.  6,  [339]  83-1-18,  19, 
rv.  6,  [358]  R^  76,  obv.  5,  [378]  83-1-18,  11,  obv.  5,  [413]  Bu.  91-5-9, 
12,  rv.  9,  [423]  83-1-18,  12,  obv.  5,  [427]  83-1-18, 35,  obv.  7,  [432]  D.  T. 
220,  obv.  31,  [453]  K.  948,  obv.  6,  [494]  80-7-19,  23,  obv.  7,  [495]  Bu. 
91-i-9,  66,  obv.  7,  [531]  81-2-4,  50,  rv.  13,  [533]  83-1-18,  44.  obv.  4, 
[662]  80-7-19, 139,  obv.  8,  [671]  K.  78,  obv.  4,  8,  [696]  K.  13066,  obv. 
5,  [697]  81-2-4,  73,  obv.  7,  [784]  K.  1031,  obv.  27,  [829]  K.  297,  obv.  5, 
9,  [843]  K.  846,  rv.  13,  [876]  Bu.  91-5-9,  144,  obv.  8, 10;  aiArba-ila- 
ai,  [386]  83-1-18,  9,  obv.  8,  [408]  R^n  2,  1,  obv.  5,  12;  Arba-ili,  [514] 
K.  477,  rv.  6,  [668]  83-1-28,  255,  obv.  7. 

a  1 A  R .  G  A .  D  A :  [581]  K.  1072,  obv.  5. 

aiAR.GI.TE:  [414]  R""  77,  obv.  14. 

"iiatAR-MIR.A.LI.A  :  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  11. 

aiAR.NU[.    ]:  [324]  K.  14093,  obv.  4. 

aiAR.PAD.DU:  [601]  K.  1126,  obv.  10;  aiAr-pad-da,  [372]  80-7-19, 
26,  rv.  13,  [395]  Bu.  91-5-9,  136,  obv.  9;  ^atAr-pad-da,  [221]  K. 
175,  obv.  13. 

aiAR.PAD.DA.NU:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  16. 

matAR.PA.AI:  [547]  K.  587,  rv.  10. 

aiAR.RA.NU:  [502]  K.  661,  obv.  11,  14. 

aiARRAP.SA:  [71]  K.  1113 +  K.  1229,  rv.  2,  [89]  K.  515,  obv.  12,  rv.  2. 
12,  [95]  K.  1151,  obv.  9,  rv.  4,  [160]  K.  1243,  obv.  5,  [168]  K.  636,  obv. 
7,  9,  [306]  K.  622,  rv.  3,  7,  [311]  K.  630,  obv.  7,  8,  [375]  83-1-18,  41, 
obv.  9,  [394]  81-2-4,  57,  obv.  13,  [408]  R""  2,  1,  obv.  11,  rv.  26,  [415] 
Bu.  91-5-9,  157,  obv.  9,  [486]  K.  8375,  obv.  7,  rv.  4, 9,  [505]  81-2-4, 95, 
obv.  9,  [543]  K.  176,  rv.  6,  [682]  K.  608,  rv.  3;  aiArrap-ha-ai,  [599] 
K.  1124,  rv.  3;  amgi Arrap-ba-ai,  [140]  K.  518,  obv.  16;  aiArrap- 
ra-ap-ba,  [151]  K.  652,  obv.  11;  matAr-rap-ha,  [754]  K.  5457, 
obv.  11. 

ai  AR.RI :  [376]  83-1-18,  42,  obv.  11. 

§adAR.ZA.BI.IA.A:   [198]  K.  5464,  rv.  12,  16. 

ameiaiAR.ZI.ZA.AI:  [317]  K.  5291,  obv.  13,  rv.  3. 

aiAR.ZU.5I.NA:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  20,  [408]  R™  2,  1,  rv.  5,  [638]  K. 

niatASSUR"^' :  [19]  K.  494,  rv.  9,  [58]  K.  1033,  rv.  7;  [92]  K.  656,  obv.  6, 
[146]  K.  910,  obv.  6,  7,  [196]  K.  125,  obv.  4,  [197]  K.  181,  obv.  4, 
[198]  K.  5464,  obv.  12,  17,  [199]  K.  7434,  obv.  4,  [280]  K.  10,  rv.  4,  [281] 
K.  13,  obv.  28,  [327]  K.  517,  obv.  12,  17,  rv.  19,  [328]  K.  638,  obv.  13, 
[358]  Rni  76,  obv.  8,  [397]  R"^  2,  458,  obv.  6,  [409]  R""  2,  2,  rv.  8,  [434] 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  41 

Bu.  89-4-26,  163,  obv.  7,  [436]  K.  145,  obv.  11,  rv.  5,  [437]  K.  168,  obv. 
7,  [476]  83-1-18,  5,  obv.  18,  [515]  K.  621,  obv.  10,  rv.  9,  [521]  83-1-18, 
4,  obv.  27,  [568]  K.  956,  obv.  4,  [576]  K.  1009,  obv.  16,  19,  rv.  17,  19, 
[614]  K.  1152,  rv.  3,  7,  [718]  Bu.  91-5-9,  87,  rv.  11,  12,  [730]  Rf"  2,  14, 
obv.  3,  [731]  81-7-27,  41,  obv.  4,  |789]  K.  1964,  obv.  6,  [792]  834-18, 
52,  obv.  10,  14,  [815]  48-7-20,  116,  obv.  5,  13,  rv.  13,  15;  mat  i in 
Assuri^S  [7]  K.  601,  obv.  15,  rv.  7;  a^^l  •"&*  il^  Assurki  pi-,  [262] 
K.  607,  obv.  7;  niatAusar'^S  [9]  K.  618,  rv.  4,  [588]  K.  1105,  obv.  4, 
[752]  R'n48,  rv.  21;  As^',  [336]  K.  644,  rv.  8;  «>&*  ii"Assiir,  [2] 
K.  183,  obv  6;  amci  mat  iiuAssurP'-,  [262]  K.  607,  obv.  7;  ^at 
An-sdrki,  [266]  K.  79,  obv.  13;  ^natAn-aar,  [10]  K.  641,  obv.  1; 
Au-sarkip/.,  [290]  K.  828,  rv.  15:  "^atAs,  [308]  K.  1619B,  rv.  7; 
•nfttAssur,  [276]  K.  154,  obv.  8,  [308]  K.  1619B,  rv.  4  [541]  K.  97, 
obv.  4,  [544]  K.  464,  rv.  3,  [595]  K.  1119,  rv.  2,  3,  7,  [616]  K.  1164, 
obv.  3,  [638]  K.  2908,  obv.  12,  [870]  82-5-22,  107,  obv.  9,  rv.  3;  ™at 
Assur-ai,  [602]  K.  1127,  obv.  3,  10;  ameiAssuri^'-ai,  [460]  K. 
1250,  rv.  1,  [520]  K.  680,  obv.  5;  a^eiAssur-ai,  [271]  K.  1220,  obv. 
10;  [am6i]As-su-ra-ai,  [74]  K.  185,  obv.  9. 

aiASSUR:  [484]  81-7-27,  33,  obv.  14;  aiLib-er,  [48]  K.  1019,  obv.  5, 
[88]  K.  507,  obv.  8,  [91]  K.  620,  obv.  11,  rv.  2,  [92]  K.  656,  obv.  5,  [94] 
K.  1147  +  K.  1947,  obv.  8,  10,  [106]  K.  1209,  rv.  6,  [150]  K.  598,  obv.  3, 
[307]  K.  1078,  rv.  7,  [308]  K.  1619B,  obv.  2,  [365]  Bu.  91-5-9,  14,  obv. 
12,  [397]  R™  2,  458,  obv.  5,  [419]  83-1-18,  24,  obv.  13,  rv.  3,  [442]  K. 
543,  obv.  10,  15,  [464]  K.  1519,  rv.  7,  [473]  81-2-4,  65,  obv.  17,  [479] 
83-1-18,  94,  obv.  11,  [562]  K.  927,  obv.  10,  [615]  K.  1153,  obv.  8,  [724] 
K.  548,  rv.  12,  [817]  K.  184,  obv.  8,  [819]  K.  716,  obv.  8,  [820]  K.  720, 
obv.  8,  [821]  K.  792,  rv.  5,  [822]  K.  802,  rv.  2,  [823]  K.  1368,  rv.  2,  [824] 
K.  13116,  rv.  2,  [825]  R">  205,  rv.  2,  [826]  82  5-22,  37,  rv.  2,  [827] 
83-1-18,  192,  rv.  3,  [828]  Bu.  91-5-9,  6,  rv.  2,  [845]  82-5-22,  93,  rv.  7; 
™aiLib-er,  [211]  K.  662,  obv.  1;  aiLib-er-ai,  [386]  83-1-18,  9, 
obv.  11,  [473]  81-2-4,  65,  obv.  3,  [812]  82-5-22,  93,  rv.  3;  aiAs,  [530] 
80-7-19,  40,  obv.  8. 

AZ^i;  [336]  K.  644,  rv.  28. 

aiA.ZA.RI:  [635]K.  1516,  rv.  8. 

aiBlBBIT.KI:  [89]  K.  515,  obv.  9,  rv.  4,  12,  [830]  K.  1376,  obv.  8; 
aiBab-blt-ka,  [542]  K.  114,  obv.  13. 

BlBILI(KA.DINGIR.RA):  [32]  K.  527,  rv.  9,  [66]  K.  1017,  rv.  3, 
[119]  K.  499,  rv.  8,  11,  [387]  Sm.  1045,  rv.  14,  [412]  48-7-20,  115,  obv. 
12,  [464]  K.  1519,  obv.  4,  rv.  9,  [471]  80-7-19,  41,  obv.  8,  [502]  K.  661, 
rv.  13,  [522]  K.  898,  obv.  5,  [572]  K.  1001,  obv.  8,  [588]  K.  1105,  obv. 
6,  11,  [870]  82-5-22,  107,  obv.  12;  "iftreKa-dingir-raki,  [340]  Bu. 
91-5-9,  183,  rv.  7,  9,  [670]  K.  12,  obv.  9;  aiRa-dingir-ra,  [196] 
K.  125,  obv.  15,  [241]  K.  1044,  rv.  5,  16;  a^ei '"ft'-Ka-dingir-ra, 


42  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

[438]  K.  177,  rv.  28,  [608]  K.  1136,  rv.  3;  Ka-dingirki,  [23]  K.  602, 
rv.  12,  [180]  K.  573,  obv.  9,  rv.  4,  [338]  82-5-22,  98,  obv.  13,  [340]  Bu. 
91-5-9,  183,  obv.  22,  rv.  2,  [437]  K.  168,  obv.  7,  [455]  K.  999,  i-v.  11, 
[852]  K.  479,  i-v.  5;  amei  marBab-iliki,  [315]  K.  1402,  obv.  12; 
ameiBab-ilikipi.,  [301]  K.  84,  obv.  1;  mareBab-iliki,  [340]  Bu. 
91-5-9,  183,  rv.  2;  aiBab-ili,  [474]  81-2-4,  67,  obv.  14;  Bab-ili, 
[113]  K.  501,  rv.  7,  [167]  K.  582,  rv.  3,  [842]  K.  4758,  rv.  8;  amsiBa- 
bi-la,  [848]  K.  508,  rv.  1,  7;  Din-Tirki,  [202]  K.  83,  obv.  5,  16,  rv. 
18,  [212]  K.  679,  obv.  24,  [255]  K.  552,  obv.  12,  [259]  K.  509,  obv.  9, 10, 
13,  [261]  K.  563,  obv.  10,  [264]  K.  1045,  obv.  10,  [313]  K.  1081,  obv.  4, 
[326]  K.  1249,  obv.  5,  rv.  6,  13,  [327]  K.  517,  i-v.  11,  [336]  K.  664,  obv. 
15,  rv.  12,  [403]  Bu.  91-5-9,  210,  obv.  2,  9,  21,  [412]  48-7-20, 115,  rv.  3, 
11, 14,  [418]  Sm.  1028,  obv.  3,  10,  rv.  2,  8,  [434]  Bu.  89-4-26,  163,  obv. 
7,  [436]  K.  145,  obv.  5,  rv.  1,  [454]  K.  961,  rv.  14,  [501]  Bu.  91-5-9,  39, 
obv.  9,  [516]  81-7-27,  31,  rv.  3,  [571]  K.  998,  obv.  12, 18,  rv.  1,  [588]  K. 
1105,  obv.  9,  [702]  81-2-4,  77,  obv.  4,  7,  9,  i-v.  1,  7,  [793]  83-1-18,  79,  rv. 
12,  [804]  K.  544,  rv.  25,  [807]  Bu.  91-5-9,  90,  obv.  5,  7,  [815]  48-7-20, 
116,  rv.  5,  [833]  K.  982,  obv.  7,  8,  12,  [844]  K.  986,  obv.  7,  10,  [846]  K. 
508,  obv.  5,  [865]  K.  8389,  obv.  9;  aiDin-Tirki,  [468]  H^  217,  obv. 
10,  [780]  K.  4734,  obv.  14;  marsDin-Tirki,  [848]  K.  508,  obv.  8; 
ameiDin-Tirkip?.,  [210]  K.  647,  rv.  13,  [283]  K.  597,  rv.  10,  [301] 
K.  84,  obv.  12,  [403]  Bu.  91-5-9,  210,  obv.  2,  9,  21,  [412]  48-7-20,  115, 
rv.  14,  [571]  K.  998,  obv.  4,  [702]  81-2-4,  77,  rv.  1,  [793]  83-1-18,  79, 
rv.  12,  [807]  Bu.  91-5-9,  90,  obv.  5,  [833]  K.  982,  obv.  7,  [844]  K.  986, 
obv.  7;  ameiDin-Tirkime^  [815]  48-7-20,  116,  rv.  5;  amsiDin- 
Dir-ai,  [811]  Bu.  89-4-26,  63  +  81,  obv.  7. 

BIB.M.LA:  [24]  K.  626,  obv.  13. 

"fttBA.BI.TE:  [408]  R^  2,  1,  rv.  18. 

nifttBA.BU.TA.AI:  [619]  K.  1182,  obv.  8. 

aiBA.IL.TAK(?).NU:  [511]  K.  654,  rv.  1. 

aineiBA NU:  [576]  K.  1009,  rv.  5. 

iiarBA.Ni.TI:  [327]  K.  517,  rv.  7;  ^^arBani-ti,  [327]  K.  517,  rv.  9,  13. 

aiBA.KAR.RI:  [552]  K.  640,  rv.  6. 

matBAR.5AL.ZA:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  13,  16,  [71]  K.  1113+K.  1229,  rv. 
1,  [91]  K.  4770,  obv.  10,  [97]  K.  4770,  obv.  10,  [394]  81-2^,  57,  obv.  11 
[767]  83-1-18,  75,  obv.  13;  matBar-hal-zi,  [421]  83-1-18,  6, obv.  13. 

B  AR.SIPki:  [313]  K.  1081,  obv.  4,  [315]  K.  1402,  obv.  13  [320]  K.  7473, 
obv.  6,  [336]  K.  664,  obv.  15,  rv.  3,  [337]  D.  T.  98,  obv.  7,  [340]  Bu. 
91-5-9,  183,  rv.  7,  [349]  R^  78,  obv.  4;  ameiBar-sipki,  [349]  R-" 
78,  obv.  11,  Bar-sipki,  [345]  83-1-18,  39,  obv.  6,  [808]  Bu.  91-5-9, 
113,  rv.  8. 

aiBEL^.E:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  15;  aiBeP-ili,  [843]  K.  846,obv.  10,  rv.ll. 

aiBE.LI.E:  [767],  83-1-18,  75,  obv.  15. 

1  Sign,  Be.  2Sign,  Eu. 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  43 

matBI.RA.TA.AI:   [396]  Srn.  1030,  obv.  8;   [»i]Bi-ra-a-te,  [78]  K. 

5465,  obv.  8. 
«1BIR.TUM:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  20;  '-^iBi-ir-ti,  [462]  K.  1374,  rv.  13; 

•iiBir-te,  [311]  K.  630,  obv.  14,  [314]  K.  1227,  obv.  4;  ^nieiBir-ta-ai, 

[262]  K.  607,  obv.  13;  aiRi-rat,  [88]  K.  507,  obv.  7,  [138]  K.  469,  obv. 

5,  [259]  K.  509,  rv.  1,  [431]  Sm.  984,  obv.  5;  aiBir-ta-ai,  [259]  K. 

509,  obv.  6,  12. 
aiBIR.TE.SAmADAD.RIM.A.NI:  [441]  K.  534,  obv.  7. 
«1BIR.TI.SU.LA.NI:  [459]  K.  1141,  rv.  5. 
BIT  A.DI.NI:  [314]  K.  1227,  rv.  3,  [642]  K.  12046,  obv.  2. 
matBIT  AM.MAN.NA.AI:  [632]  K.  1295,  obv.  2. 
BlTn^A.MUK.A.NI:  [275]  K.  82,  obv.  6,  rv.  9.  [279]  K.  6941,  obv.  8, 

10;  Bit  A-muk-kan-na,  [258]  K.  615,  obv.  10,  rv.  3,  9;  a^eiBit 

•nA-muk-a-nu,  [517]  82-5-22,  91,  obv.  8. 
mat  BIT  BA.AL.ZA:  [637]  K.  1888,  obv.  5. 
aiBIT  BU.NAK.KI:  [799]  K.  7299,  obv.  9. 
BIT  DA.BU.U.NI:  [544]  K.  464,  obv.  15. 
BIt  ameiDA.KU.RA.AI:  [238]  K.  1107,  obv.  5;  matBit^Da-ku-ru, 

[588]  K.  1105,  rv.  3;  aiBlt  ni  Da-ku-ru,  [336]  K.  644,  obv.  5,  16; 

aiBltn'Da-ku-ri,  [542]   K.  114,  obv.  9,  14,  15;   aiSa  BitniDa- 

ku-ru,[436]K.  145,  obv.  14. 
BlT.mDA.NI.I:  [1]  K.  167,  obv.  12. 
BIT  DtR.A.NI:  [443]  K.  579,  obv.  7. 
BIT  HA. BAN:  [242]  K.  11148,  obv.  10;  ^atBit  ^a-ban,  [312]  K. 

689,  obv.  17. 
BIT  gi.RA.KI:  [397]  R™  2,  458,  obv.  3. 
aiBIT  nigu.US.SA.AN.NI:  [336]  K.  644,  rv.  6. 
aiBIT  ""IM.BI.IA:  [781]  K.  823,  obv.  10;  [aiBlt-™]Im-bi-ia,  [328] 

K.  638.  rv.  4. 
BIT"!  lA.KI.NI:  [516]  81-7-27,  31,  rv.  14;   Bit  J"  la-a-ki-ni,  [542] 

K.  114,  obv.  12. 
aiBITm  IA.RI[.     ] :  [239]  K.  5585,  rv.  10. 
BlT.KA.RI:  [242]  K.  11148,  rv.  9. 
matBlT.KI[.     ]:  [144]K.  194,  rv.  4. 
BIT  MAR.DI.TI.E:  [414]  R-"  77,  obv.  4. 
BlT.niMAR.DU.U:  [179]  K.  664,  obv.  4;  mftrepJ.mMar-du-u,  [179] 

K.  664,  obv.  9,  10. 
BIT  NA.AI.LU:  [548]  K.  1122,  rv.  6. 
BIT.NA.AI.LA.NI:  [220]  K.  1274,  obv.  9. 
BlT  ^A.ME:  [480]  K.  8402,  obv.  7. 
mfttBlT  ZA.M  A.NI :  [245]  K.  513,  rv.  6,  [757]  Sm.  548+Sm.  887,  obv.8.» 

iStreck  {AJSL,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  223)  is  inclined  to  regard  Blt-m  Ri-ta-a  [129]  K.  54.58, 
obv.  5,  as  a  geographical  name.  That  is  not  so.  The  sign  r  i  should  be  read  Dal,  and  the 
name  identified  witli  DallA,  king  of  EUipi,  and  Hit-"'DaltA  understood  as  the  house  of 
Dalta.  Streck  likewise  proposes  to  regard  lilt-ku-diu,  [245]  K.  51.3.  obv.  4,  1.3,  17,  [312] 
K.  689,  rv.  9,  as  a  geographical  name. 


44  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

aiBU.LU.U:  [705]  82-5-22,  109,  rv.  16;  aiBu-lu-a,  [506]  K.  678,  obv. 
11;  aiBu-li-ai,  [112]  K.  485,  rv.  4. 

matDA.DU.NI:  [641]  K.  9389,  obv.  5. 

aiDAH.ERi:  [207]  K.  541,  obv.  9. 

ameiDAH.gA.':[282]K.524,obv.l0,ll:ameiDah-ba-sar'--u-a,[281] 
K.  13,  obv.  21. 

ameiDA.I.KA.NI.E:  [845]  K.  508,  obv.  4,  rv.  2. 

ameiDA.MU.NU:  [846]  K.  673,  rv.  9;  ameiDa-mu-na-ai,  [846]  K. 
673,  rv.  4,  [849]  K.  580,  obv.  12. 

ai  DA.  A.N  A:  [372]  80-7-19,  26,  rv.  8. 

°  a  ••  D  A . ' .  N  A :  [312]  K.  689,  obv.  10. 

aiDA.NI.BA.NI:  [506]  K.  678,  obv.  12. 

aiDAN.NI.TE:  [205]  K.  537,  obv.  10. 

aiDA.RA.A.TI:  [222]  K.  186,  obv.  9,  rv.  4,  10;  a^Da-ra-a-te,  [222] 
K.  186,  obv.  4;  amgiDa-ra-ta-ai,  [222]  K.  186,  obv.  3. 

mfttDA.RU  :  [438]  K.  177,  obv.  15,  rv.  9. 

DtR  SA.n^MU.SE.ZIB:  [685]  81-2-4,  96,  rv.  1. 

aiDtR  ii^SAMAS:  [147]  K.  1170,  rv.  6. 

aiDUR  SA.ME.DI:  [615]  K.  1153,  obv.  3,  rv.  2. 

aiDUR  mSAR.UKIN:  [138]  K.  469,  rv.  20,  [154]  K.  653,  rv.  19,  [232] 
K.  1059,  obv.  8,  [440]  K.  493,  obv.  12,  [452]  K.  943,  rv.  20,  [731]  81-7-27, 
41,  rv.  4,  [813]  K.  688,  obv.  12,  rv.  5,  [845]  K.  671,  obv.  7;  aiDurm 
Sar-ukln-na,  [122]  K.  491,  obv.  4;  aipur  Sar-ukln,  [107]  K. 
4304,  rv.  3,  [167]  K.  582,  obv.  5,  [190]  K.  596,  rv.  1,  [191]  K.  623,  obv.  5, 
10,  [319]  K.  7384,  rv.  6,  [433]  79-7-8,  138,  rv.  10,  [480]  K.  8402,  obv.  9, 
[503]  K.  667,  rv.  17,  [538]  K.  531,  rv.  2,  [709]  80-7-19,  67,  rv.  3,  [842] 
K.  4758,  rv.  5,  [859]  82-5-22,  134,  rv.  19;  aiDtir  Sar-gi-ua,  [544] 
K.  464,  rv.  8;  aiDur  Sar-ru-ku,  [339]  83-1-18,  19,  obv.  7;  aiDur 
Sar-ru-ki,  [558]  K.  896,  rv.  5,  9. 

DtR.TA.GI.DA.A.NI:  [126]  K.  609,  rv.  6. 

aiDtR  TA.LI.TI:  [408]  R^  2,  1,  obv.  15,  rv.  1,  [635]  K.  1516,  rv.  5,  7. 

matE.BIR.NlRI:  [706]  K.  1076,  rv.  3,  [67]  K.  1050,  rv.  5. 

aiEKALLlTEp'-:  [99]  K.  5466,  rv.  5,  9. 

«'atELAMTU(  =  NUM.MAki  :  [38]  K.  1049,  rv.  3,  [256]  K.  1202,  rv. 
8,  [266]  K.  79,  obv.  9,  10,  14,  16,  rv.  5,  8,  [267]  K.  462,  rv.  5,  7,  10,  14, 
[268]  K.  514,  obv.  19,  [269]  K.  528,  obv.  13,  [277]  K.  1066,  rv.  11,  12, 
[280]  K.  10,  obv.  9,  rv.  7,  15,  [281]  K.  13,  obv.  4,  17,  rv.  11,  [282]  K. 
524,  obv.  9,  rv.  19,  21,  [283]  K.  597,  obv.  5,  9,  [295]  K.  1139,  obv.  5, 10, 
[328]  K.  638,  obv.  14,  21,  [405]  81-2-4,  63,  rv.  10, 14,  19,  [422]  R>^  215, 
obv.  5,  [462]  K.  1374,  obv.  16  bis,  [476]  83-1-18,  5,  rv.  19,  [520]  K.  680, 
i-v.  15,  [521]  83-1-18,  4,  rv.  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  22,  [527]  K.  830,  rv.  8, 
[541]  K.  97,  obv.  6,  [576]  K.  1009,  obv.  8,  [588]  K.  1105,  obv.  3,  [702] 

1  Perhaps  ali. 

2  Perhaps  li. 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  45 

81-2-4,  77,  rv.  3,  [736]  K.  1030,  obv.  9,  10,  [746]  83-1-18,  146,  obv.  5, 
[764]  83-1-18,  162,  rv.  3,  [791]  83-1-18,  51,  rv.  4,  [792]  83-1-18,  52, 
obv.  9,  13,  [793]  83-1-18,  79,  obv.  7,  12,  [794]  83-1-18,  150,  obv.  7,  8, 
[799]  K.  7299,  obv.  7,  rv.  1,  [800]  K.  7424,  obv.  7,  [831]  K.  470,  rv.  9, 
[839]  83-1-18,  21,  obv.  9,  [863]  K.  1196,  obv.  5;  matNumki,  [328]  K. 
638,  obv.  10;  ■"fttNum-ma,  [541]  K.  97,  rv.  7. 

am6lNUM.MA.AI:  [140]  K.  518,  obv.  14;  a°i6iE-la-ma-ai,  [478] 
83-1-18,  8,  rv.  11. 

aiEL.EN.ZA.A:   [139]  K.  1067,  obv.  7. 

aiEL.IZ:  [101]  K.  561,  obv.  19. 

aiEL.IZ.ZA.DU:    [492]  81-2-4,  60,  obv.  12;    aiEl-iz-za-da,  [492] 

81-2-4,  60,  obv.  6. 
matEL.LI.PA:   [174]  K.  619,  obv.  9. 
[matEN-ZI]-TE-NI:  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  6. 
am6iEridu(=NUNki).U.A:    [753]  82-5-2,   111,  rv.  9;   "'S^r,  [474], 

81-2-4,  67,  obv.  3,  5. 
aiEZIGGI:  [214]  K.  831,  obv.  7-8. 
alE.ZI.AD:   [424]  Sm.  760,  rv.  1. 
aiGAM.BU.LU:   [269]  K.  528,  obv.  9,  rv.  5;  '^"^ei  "latGam-bu-la-ai, 

[771]  83-1-18,  49,  obv.  2;  ameiGam-bu-la-ai,  [140]  K.  578,  rv.  4, 

[293]  K.  1054,  obv.  2,  [846]  K.  673,  rv.  9,  [862]  K.  1056,  rv.  4,  6. 
""atGA.MIR:  [197]  K.  181,  obv.  9;  "^atGa-mir-ra,  [146]  K.  1080,  obv. 

6,  9;  am6iGa-me-ra-ai,  [112]  K.  485,  obv.  4;  '"atGamir(ir),  [197] 

K.  181,  rv.  10. 
aiGA.NA.TA:  [468]  n^^  217,  rv.  12. 
aiGAR.GA.MIS:    [120]  K.   1461,  obv.   15    [317]   K.   5291,  obv.   13; 

aiGar-ga-mis-ai,  [186]  K.  11,  rv.  8;  aiga  Gar-ga-mis,  [609]  K. 

1140,  obv.  5. 
mfttGU.UB.LA.AI:  [632]  K.  1295,  rv.  1. 
aiGU.MU.TA.NU:  [616]  K.  1164,  obv.  4;   aiGu-mu-ta-ui,  [616]  K. 

1164,  rv.  2. 
mfltGU.RA.SIM.MU:   [754]  K.  5457,  obv.  7;   '«atGu-ra-sim-[mu], 

[754]  K.  5457,  obv.  15;  ameiGu-ra-sim-ma,  [790]  Sm.  1392,  obv.  7; 

ameiGu-ra-sim-mu,  [839]  83-1-18,  21,  obv.  17;  ameiGu-ra-sim- 

ma-ai,  [794]  83-1-18,  150,  rv.  5,  [833]  K.  982,  obv.  7. 
■natGU.RI.A.NI.A:  [146]  K.  1080,  obv.  5. 
aiGU.ZA.NA:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  21,  [167]  K.  582,  obv.  8,  21,  [545]  K. 

465,  rv.  3,  [575]  K.  1005,  obv.  11,  [633]  K.  1366,  obv.  9,  18,  rv.  6,  [700] 

83-1-18,  157,  obv.  5. 
mfttgA.BAX:  [556]  K.  683,  i-v.  2. 
aigA.AI.DA.A.LU:  |281]K.  13,  obv.  15. 
aigA.AI.DA.NU:   [280]  K.  10,  rv.  19;   aiga-da[-a]-a-an,  [395]  Bu. 

91-5-9,  136,  rv.  1. 


46  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

•natBA.LAH.ei:   [421J83-1-18,  6,  obv.  7;    matga-Uh-hi,  [480]  K. 

8402,  obv.  7. 
ameigAL.MAN.AI:  [464]  K.  1519,  obv.  13. 
n^atgAL.LAT.'AI:   [94]  K.  1147 +  K.  1947,  rv.  2. 
aigA.LU.LI.E:  [262]  K.  607,  obv.  12. 
matgAL.ZI.AT.PAR:^  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  19,  [480]  K.  8402,  obv.  15; 

matgal-zi-at-par^-ai,  [245]  K.  513,  obv.  9. 
« igAL  .SU :   [685]  81-2^,  96,  obv.  14,  [799]  K.  1299,  obv.  5,  rv.  25,  [800] 

K.  7424,  obv.  5. 
ameigA.MA.RA.NA.AI:   [268]  Rni  217,  rv.  9. 
i^atgA.MA.TE:   [225]  K.  674,  obv.  7;  matHa-ma-ta-ai,  [331]  K.  581, 

rv.  5;  ameiga-mat,  [520]  K.  680,  obv.  14. 
aigA.MU:   [214]  K.  831,  rv.  15,  16. 

aigA.AR.DA:  [424]  Sm.  760,  obv.  11;  aigar-da,  [548]  K.  593,  rv.  7. 
aiSAR.gAR:   [556]  K.  683,  rv.  11. 
aigA.RI.SUM.BA  :  [74]  K.  185,  obv.  6  (?),  14. 
aigA.RI.PA:   [645]  Rm  2,  464,  obv.  9. 
ai5AR.MA.su  :  [831]  K.  470,  rv.  6. 
aigARRlNU  :   [489]  83-1-18,  117,  obv.  5. 
mftt5AR.SA.AI:  [466]  Sm.  51,  obv.  9. 
ai5AR.TE[.    ]:   [36]  K.  1032,  obv.  7. 
ai5A.TI.SA.RU:^  [285]  K.  1926,  rv.  11. 
mfttDI.KU.KI.NA:   [43]  K.  122,  obv.  18;    aiDi-ku-ki-na,  [724]  K. 

548,  obv.  6. 
aiDIL.^BA.AT^i:  [310]  K.  610,  rv.  7,  11;   ameiDil-batki  p?.,  [326] 

K.  1249,  obv.  10;   Dil -batiks  [326]  K.  1249,  obv.  9. 
aiDI.MAS-KI:   [158]  K.  530,  obv.  5;  aiDi-mas-ka-ai,  [193]  K.  542, 

obv.  7;  ameiSa-imeri-su,[307]K.  1078,  obv.  3. 
aiDIN.U.ZU(?):  [556]  K.  638,  rv.  9. 
matDI.RI:   [308]  K.  1619B,  obv.  3;  aiDi-ru,  [430]Rni  72,obv.  6;   aiDi- 

e-ru,  [781]  K.  823,  rv.  11;  aiDi-e-ri,[775]  Sm.  268a,  rv.  14,  [779]  K. 

7299,  obv.  4,  [868]  81-2^,  119,  obv.  6;   aiDi-ri,  [140]  K.  518,  obv.  7, 

rv.  6,  [157]  K.  504,  obv.  18,  [449]  K.  839,  obv.  6,  [800]  K.  7424,  obv.  4; 

[ai3Di-ri,  [866],  81-2-4,  93,  obv.  7. 
aiDU.UM.MA.SAK.KA:   [849]  K.  580,  rv.  6. 
a  1 D  U .  U  M .  M  U .  K  U :  [774]  Bu.  89^-26, 162,  obv.  14. 
aiDtRiiiA.NU.NI.TI:  [455]  K.  999,  rv.  7. 
aiDtR  A.TA.NA.TE:  [635]  K.  1516,  rv.  2,  4;  aiDur§aiAtanaP«-te, 

[408]  Rm  2, 1,  rv.  13. 
aiDtRBfiL.iiuAI:  [170]  K.  1013,  rv.  11,  [455]  K.  999,  rv.  8. 

lOrmat.  20rAD.MAS. 

3 Or,  aiga-dar-ru. 
*Sign,  ki. 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  47 

DtR.ILPi :   [iOl]  83  1-18,  80,  obv.  i,  [412]  48-7-20,  115,  obv.  15,  [460] 

K.  1250,  obv.  14,  [476]  83-1-18, 5,  i-v.  12, 14,  21,  [516]  81-7  27,  31,  rv.  8. 
Dtn  lA.KI.NI:   [867]  81-2-4,  94,  obv.  4;   Dftr  sa  mla-ki-na,  [865] 

K.  8389,  rv.  7;  «iDilr  la-ki-na-ai,  [131]  K.  625,  rv.  4,  [867]  81-2^, 

94,  obv.  6. 
matjjA.AT.TU:   [337]  D.  T.  98,  rv.  15,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  21;   "latga- 

at-tum,  [702]  81-2-4,  77,  rv.  3;   ^atgat-ti,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  24. 
aigi.E.SA:   [414]  Rm  77,  obv.  4,  12. 
aigl.GA.LI.A:   [794]  83-1-18,  150,  rv.  13. 
aigl.IN.DA.NU:  [671]  K.  78,rv.  5; '"atjji.iQ.fda-nu],  [93],  K.1057, 

obv.  7;   aigi-in-za-ni,  [547]  K.  587,  obv.  14;    matgi-ju-za-ui, 

[547]  K.  587,  rv.  2. 
amoim.iN.DAR.AI:   [848]  K.  508,  obv.  8,  11,  [865]  K.  8389,  obv.  5; 

[amMm.in]-dar-ai,  [850]  K.  1214,  obv.  8. 
a  1 5 1 .  P  U .  tJ  :   [702]  81-2-4,  77,  obv.  9. 
aim.T5.RI:  [763]  81-2-4,  126,  obv.  2. 
mfttSU.BU.US.KA.AI:  [197]  K.  181,  rv.  20;  ™atg:u-bu-us-ki,  [434] 

Bu.  89^-22,  163,  obv.  11;   m-itgu-bu-us-ki-a,  [434]  Bu.  89-4-22, 

163,  obv.  21;  [a]igu-bu-us-ka-a,  [441]  K.  534,  obv.  17. 
nftrjju.UD.SU.UD:   [280]  K.  10,  rv.  18. 
'imeigu.HA.AN:  [281]  K.  13,  obv.  14. 
mfttgu.UP.KA.AI:   [515]  K.  621,  rv.  3. 
nari.KA.RU  :   [705]  82-5-22,  109,  rv.  10. 
ailR.GI.DU:   [280]  K.  10,  obv.  11. 
ail.SA.NA:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  15,  19,  [63]  K.  549,  obv.  11,  [372]  80-7-19, 

26,  rv.  17,  [585]  K,  1098,  obv.  7. 
ailS.KI.A:   [136]  K.  631,  obv.  6,  [191]  K.  623,  obv.  4,  [526]  K.  628,  obv.  4. 
alls. RAM. NI:  [571]  K.  998,  rv.  18. 
mfttl.TA.AI:   [467]  Sm.  456,  rv.  18;   mati-tu-',  [830]  K.  1376,  obv.  10; 

mati-tu-'-ai,  [95]  K.  1151,  rv.  3;   ameij-tu-'-u,  [138]  K.  469,  rv. 

11;  ameli-tu-u,  [506]  K.  678,  rv.  15;  amMi-tu-',  [572]  K.  1001, obv. 

10,  [685]  81-2^,  96,  rv.  22;  ""iMi-tii-'-ai,  [201]  K.  690,  obv.  5,  [242] 

K.  11148,  rv.  16,  [388]  Rn^  2,  463,  obv.  7,  [419]  81  4-18,  24,  obv.  10,  12; 

am6ii-tu  .  .  .  ,  [147]  K.  1170,  rv.  5;   amMi-tu-'-e,  [506]  K.  678, 

rv.  10;   ameii.tu-ai,  [424]  S.  760,  rv.  2,  10;    amei  i.t^i-'-ai-e-a, 

[482]  82-5-22,  104,  obv.  6;   ameiU-tu-'-ai,  [349]  R™  78,  i-v.  3. 
n^atl.ZAL.LI :   [644]  R'"  2,  461,  obv.  5. 
ameiiA.A.DA.KU.AI:   [349]  R-^  78,  rv.  4. 
ailA.RI:   [173]k.  686,  rv.  1;  aila-e-ri,  [441]  K.  534,  obv.  5. 
ameiiA.A.SI.AN:  [280]  K.  10,  obv.  14. 
matIA.su. PI:   [581]  K.  1072,  rv.  4;   matia-su-me  (sic/),  [245]  K.  513, 

rv.  3;  nifttia-sii-pu,  [228]  K.  1055,  rv.  9. 
matJA.U.DA.AI:   [632]  K.  1295,  obv.  6. 


48  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

aiKAK.ZA:  [211]  K.  662,  rv.  9;  aiKak-sim,  [346]  Bu.  89^-26,  9,obv. 

3;   aiKak-zi,  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  14,  [64]  K.  550,  obv.  12,  [389]  Sm. 

1034,  obv.  8,  [615]  K.  1153,  rv.  1,  [843]  K.  846,  rv.  6;   aiRak-zi-ai, 

[386]  83-1-18,  9,  obv.  7. 
mfttKAL.DU:  [337]  D.  T.  98,  rv.  15;  ^atKal-di,  [629]  K.  1263,  obv. 

23,  24;  'natKal-dfi-ai,  [742]  H^  2,  462,  obv.  5;  ameiRal-du,  [240] 

K.  7467,  obv.  11;    ame  Kal-da-ai,  [245]  K.  513,  rv.  2,  9,  [247]  K. 

1027,  rv.  3,  [411]  Rm  2,  5,  obv.  5.  [564]  K.  937,  obv.  6,  [759]  D.  T.  63, 

obv.  6,  [763]  81-2-4, 126,  obv.  5. 
aiKAL.gi :  [65]  K.  629,  obv.  7, 14,  [71]  K.  1143+K.  1229,  obv.  13,  [440] 

K.  493,  obv.  10;  aiKal-ba,  [6]  K.  595,  rv.  9,  [52]  K.  80,  rv.  7,  [106] 

K.  1209,  rv.  2,  7,  [127]  K,  616,  rv.  11,  [198]  K.  5464,  rv.  22,  [232]  K. 

1059,  obv.  5,  [233]  K.  7339,  obv.  5,  [235]  K.  13016,  obv.  7,  [394]  81-2-4, 

57,  rv.  2,  [453]  K.  948,  rv.  9,  [476]  83-1-18,  5,  obv.  10,  [486]  K.  8375, 

obv.  5,  rv.  11, 15,  [493]  83-1-18,  13,  rv.  16,  [547]  K.  587,  rv.  9, 16,  [626] 

K.  1233,  rv.  4,  [730]  R"  2,  14,  rv.  11;  aiRal-ha,  [23]  K.  602,  rv.  10, 

[175]  K.  614,  obv.  9;  aiR^l-ha,  [211]  K.  662,  rv.  9;  aiRal-ba-ai, 

[386]  83-1-18,  9,  obv.  21,  [529]  K.  1252a,  rv.  13,  [712]  Sm.  1223,  obv.  6; 

aiRal-lab,  [57]  K.  687,  obv.  14,  rv.  8;  aiRa-lafe,  [698]  Sm.  764  + 

Sm.  1650,  obv.  10,  [702]  81-2-4,  77,  obv.  7. 
aiKAN.NU.'.AI:  [529]  K.  1252a,  obv.  7. 
aiKlR.ME.E:  [574]  K.  1004,  obv.  6. 
aiKlR.iiuNA.NA.A:  [795]  Bu.  91-5-9,  107,  rv.  11. 
aiRlR.iiuNERGAL:  [326]  K.  1249,  rv.  2. 
""ft^KlR.SIPARRI:  [646]  79-7-8,292,  obv.  12;  aiRar  Si-par[-ri], 

[381]  81-2^,  55,  obv.  12. 
aiKlRiiugAMAS:  [95]  K.  1151,  obv.  6,  8,  [207]  K.  541,  obv.  10. 
aiRlR  -B^AR.URIN:  [126]  R.  609,  obv.  10,  [128]  R.  650,  obv.  9,  15; 

aiRar  mLUGAL.GI.N[A],  [645]  R^  2,  464,  obv.  3;    aiRflr- 

LUGAL.GI.NA,  [556]  K.  683,  obv.  7. 
aiRlR.Rlg:  [761]  R"^  2,  474,  obv.  6. 
aiRAR.SI.TU  .  .  .  :  [381]  81-2-4,  55,  obv.  12. 
aiKA.SAP.PA:  [52]  R.  80,  obv.  9;  «iKa-sap-pi,  [862]  R.  1056,  obv. 

3,5. 
aiKAg.PAR.PAR.EME:  [262]  R.  607,  obv.  9. 
aiRI.BA.ATki;  [310]  K.  610,  rv.  7,  11;  aiRu-bat[-    ],  [101]  K.  561, 

obv.  8. 
ameiRi.DA.RA.AI:  [350]  83-1-18,  29,  obv.  8. 
aiRI.GU.U5.Tt:  [556]  K.  683,  rv.  10. 
aiRI.MAR[.    ] :  [128]  R.  650,  rv.  2. 
•natKIR.gU :  [173]  R.  686,  obv.  11. 
matRi.iR.ME.SI:  [769]  K.  1042,  rv.  3. 
aiRI.SIK:  [521]  83-1-18,4,  rv.  8,  10;  ameiRi-sikPi.-ai,  [210]  K.  647, 


Geogbaphical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  49 

obv.2;  aiKi-is-sik,[736]K.1030,  obv.8;  ameiKi-is-sik-ai,  [736] 

K.  1030,  obv.  2. 
alKI.Sl.SI:  [459]  K.  1141,  rv.  4. 
aiKI.ZA.5A.SI:  [556]  K.  683,  rv.  10. 
ameiKUB.'TA.AI:  [576]  K.  1009,  rv.  6. 
aiKU.LI.IM[.ME(?).RI(?)]:  [507]  K.  1077,  obv.  8;  aiKu-li-i[-     -], 

[776]  Rm  50,  obv.  7. 
n^fttKUL.LA.NI.A:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  15 ;  aiRul-la-ni-a,  [372]  80-7- 

19,  26,  rv.  11. 
aiKU.LU.MAN:  [129]  K.  5458,  obv.  6,  8. 
niatKU.MA.AI:  [619]  K.  1182,  obv.  7;   aiRu-ma-ai,  [198]  K.  5464, 

obv.  17,  [490]  K.  746,  obv.  6;  aiRu-me,  [544]  K.  464,  obv.  17,  24; 

am6iKu-um-ma-ai,[206]  K.  539,  obv.  5;  ameiKu-ma-ai-e,  [544] 

K.  464,  obv.  13,  16;  aiKu-m[u],  [101]  K.  561,  obv.  18. 

mfttKU.ME.SA.AI:  [310]  K.  610,  obv.  9. 

mfltKU.MU.BA.AI:  [196]  K.  125,  obv.  8,  12,  22. 

aiKUR.BA.AN:  [29]  J^.  1204,  obv.  9,  [123]  K.  574,  obv.  7,  rv.  11,  [413] 

Bu.  51-5-9,  12,  rv.  11;  aiRur-na^-an,  [731]  81-7-27,  41.  rv.  5. 
mfttKUR.BA.NI.TI :  [451]  K.  924,  rv.  7. 

mfttKU.U.SU:  [629]  K.  1263,  rv.  9;  ^fttKu-u-si,  [32]  K.  527,  obv.  14; 
mfttKu-sa-ai,  [60]  K.  487,  obv.  8,  [61]  K.  529,  obv.  9,  rv.  1,  5,  [64]  K. 
550,  obv.  8,  rv.  1,  [372]  80-7-19,  260,  obv.  7,  9,  rv.  1,  3,  9,  16,  [373] 
82-5-22,  99,  obv.  7,  9,  11,  13,  [374]  82-5-22, 172,  obv.  7,  [376]  83-1-18, 
42,  obv.  12,  rv.  1,  [394]  81-2^,  57,  obv.  7,  12,  14,  rv.  4,  [538]  K.  531, 
obv.  9,  rv.  4,  [601]  K.  1126,  obv.  5,  12,  14,  [649]  81-2-4,  110,  obv.  3, 
rv.  1,  [684]  80-7-19,  37,  rv.  1,  [686]  83-1-18,  113,  rv.  4;  Ku-sa-ai, 
[63]  K.  549,  obv.  7,  [374]  82-5-22,  172,  obv.  9,  12,  [376]  83-1-18,  42, 
obv.  7,  8,  9,  [393]  80-7-19,  25,  obv.  9,  rv.  2,  4,  10,  [575]  K.  1005,  obv. 
7,9;  aiKu-si,[575]1005,  rv.  6. 

KtTA  (  =  TIG.GAP.A)ki:  [336]  K.  644,  rv.  7,  [340]  Bu.  91-5  9,  183^ 
rv.  8,  [464]  K.  1519,  obv.  4,  18,  [527]  K.  830,  obv.  19,  [804]  K.  544,  rv! 
2;  m  ameiKu-ii-tu,  [469]  48-11-4,  282,  obv.  6. 

aiKU.Ttr.LI:  [449]  K.  838,  obv.  3. 

aiLA.AB.BA.NA.AT:   [32]  K.  527,  obv.  8,  16. 

■nfttLA.BA.DU.DA.AI:  [537]  K.  8535,  obv.  5;  n»fttLab-du-di,  [798] 
K.  1023,  obv.  6. 

aiLAH.GA.GA:   [129]  K.  5458,  obv.  10. 

a  1 L  A .  U I .  R U  :  [61]  K.  529,  rv.  4,  [280]  K.  10,  obv.  20,  [286]  K.  5398,  obv. 
7,  [781]  K.  823,  obv.  7;aiLa-bi-ri,  [459]  K.  1141,  rv.  6,  [543]  K.  176, 
rv.  5,  [558]  K.  896,  rv.  4,  7,  [685]  81-2-4,  96,  obv.  8,  [746]  83-1-18, 146, 
obv.  9;  aiLa-bi-ra-ai,  [712]  Sm.  1223,  rv.  10,  12. 

lOr,  Du,  kin. 

'  Read  ba  ;  the  two  signs  ba  and  n  a  are  very  similar,  but  this  passage  refers  evidently 
t    »iKur-ba-au. 


50  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I- VIII 

matLA.KI.E:  [813]  K.  688,  rv.  7;  aiLa-ku-u-a,  [813]  K.  688,  rv.  3. 

am6iLA.PI.AI:   [600]  K.  1125,  obv.  8. 

aiLA.AP.SI.IA:  [610]  K.  1142,  obv.  11. 

aiLA.RAK.KA:   [763]  81-2-4,  126,  obv.  6;  ud-iid-kiki,  [344]  83-1-18, 

28,  rv.  4;   ud-ud-akki,  [542]  K.  114,  rv.  6,  10,  13;   ameiud-udki- 

u-a,[344]83-l-18,  28,  rv.  2. 
aiLI[.  .  .]:   [841]  K.  4757,  rv.  9. 
ameiLI.HU.U.A.TA.AI:  [468]  R^n  217,  rv.  8. 
aiLUD.DIN.AN:   [726]  80-7-19,24,  rv.  10;  aiLud-din^an-ai,  [727] 

83-1-18,  67,  obv.  8. 
aiLU.KA.SE:   [218]  K.  1199,  obv.  9. 
aiLU.LI.I[.    ]:  [776]Rni50,  obv.  7. 
aiLU.RI.SI.TE:   [484]  81-7-27,  33,  obv.  8. 
ameimatMA.DA.AI:   [208]  K.  617,  obv.  8;   ^atMa-ta-ai,  [126]K.  609, 

obv.  6. 
aiMA.DAK.TU :  [281]  K.  13,  obv.  23,  [285]  K.  1926,  rv.  11,  12;   ai  Ma- 

dak-ti,[281]K.  13,  obv.  7. 
aiMA.Ag.MI.TI:  [520]  K.  680,  rv.  14. 
ameiMA.LA.BE:  [701]  Sm.  1338,  rv.  1. 
ameiMA.LA.IJA.AI:  [701]  Sm.  1338,  rv.  2. 
matMA.NA.AI:   [198]  K.  5464,  obv.  32,  rv.  20,  [556]  K.  683,  rv.  1,  4, 

[616]  K.  1164,  obv.  5;   ^atMan-ai,  [381]  81-2-4,  55,  obv.  4,  rv.  2, 

[434]  Bu.  89^-26,  163,  obv.  10,  21,  rv.  10,  20;   ^atMa-ni-',  [414] 

Rm  77,  rv.  14;   matMa-na-nu,  [520]  K.  680,  obv.  4;    aiMu-nu-', 

[98]  K.  5465,  rv.  10,  13;  "^atMan-na-ai,  [165]  K.  497,  rv.  4,  [215]  K. 

1037,  rv.  4,  [342]  79-7-8,  234,  rv.  7,  13,  [466]  Sm.  51,  rv.  5. 
matMA.NA.NU  :   [520]  K.  680,  obv.  4. 
MA.NA.KUki;!   [516]  81-7-27,  31,  obv.  12, 
am6iMAN.DIR.AI:   [168]  K.  636,  rv.  23. 
aiMA.RA.AD:   [853]  K.  905,  rv.  5;    Sur-ta^i,  [238]  K.  1107,  obv.  9; 

ai[Ma-rad],  [853]  K.  905,  obv.  9,  13. 
am6iMAR.SA.SA.AI:   [190]  K.  596,  obv.  24. 
aiMAR-gU.HA:  [251]  K.  506,  obv.  21,  rv.  6;  aiMar-bu-ha-ai,  [251] 

K.  506,  rv.  1. 
aiMAR.PA.DA.AI:   [685]  81-2-4,  96,  obv.  19. 
narMAR.RAT:   [418]  Sm.  1028,  rv.  5,  [462]  K.  1374,  rv.  14,  [520]  K.  680, 

rv.  21,  [775]  Bu.  91-5-9,  107,  rv.  3,  6. 
sadMAS :  [448]  K.  826,  obv.  6,  9. 
matMA.ZA.MU:  [408]  R^  2,  1,  obv.  13;   ^atMa-za-mu-a,  [556]  K. 

683,  rv.  2. 
mfttME.LID.AI:  [375]  83-1-18,  41,  rv.  3. 

1  The  first  sign  may  be  read  u,  and  the  whole  name  may  be  a  peculiar  way  of  writing 
Erech(Unukki). 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I- VIII  51 

"latME.SA.AI:  [61]  K.  529,  iv.  2,  6,  [394]  81-2-4,  57,  obv.  8,  15,  rv.  5; 
Me-sa-ai,  [71]  K.  1113+K.  1229,  rv.  9. 

aiM^lP'-.TtjR.NA:  [158|  K.  530,  rv.  16;  ftiM§P«-tur-na,  [455]  K.  999, 
rv.  5,  8,  [158]  K.  530,  obv.  16;  a»Me-tur-na,  [170]  K.  1013,  rv.  8; 
«iMu-tur-nci,  [251]  K.  506,  obv.  5;  aiMu-tur-na-ai,  [251]  K. 
506,  obv.  4. 

-n  ft  t  M I .  S I R :  [276]  K.  154,  obv.  6. 

"^fttMU.'.BA.AI:  [632]  K.  1295,  obv.  4. 

a  1 M  U .  M  A .  A I :  [246]  K.  669,  rv.  11. 

am6iMU.MU.KU,  [272]  K.  4736,  i-v.  2. 

aiMU.ZA.SIR:  [145]  K.  910,  obv.  8,  [380]  R^  2,  3,  obv.  7,  rv.  4,  [409] 
Rm  2,  2,  rv.  1;  aiMu-za-si-ri,  [381]  81-2^,  55,  obv.  9,  [646]  79-7-8, 
292,  obv.  9;  aiMu-za-sir-ai,  [197]  K.  181,  rv.  17;  "^atMu-za-sir, 
[448]  K.  826,  obv.  2. 

aiNA.GI.A.TA.AI:   [830]  K.  1376,  obv.  5. 

aiatNA.HAL:   [520]  K.  680,  obv.  2;   ameiNa-Ual,  [576]  K.  1009,  rv.  6. 

n  a  r  N  A .  a  A  L  :   [520]  K.  680,  obv.  18. 

'afttNA.M[A.RU]:   [667]  81-7-27,  30,  obv.  17. 

am6iNAM.5A.NU:  [272]  K.  4736,  obv. 

aiNAM.PI.BAR(?):   [323]  K.  6005,  obv.  6. 

matNA.RI[.     ]:  [225]  K.  674,  obv.  7. 

aiNA.SI.BI.NA:  [585]  K.  1098,  obv.  6;  a^Na-sib-ua,  [585]  K.  1098, 
obv.  11. 

ameiNI.BA.'.A.TI :   [260]  K.  562,  rv.  1. 

aiNI.KUR:  [165]  K.  497,  rv.  2,  [556]  K.  683,  rv.  9;  ameiNe-kur'^', 
[520]  K.  680,  rv.  17. 

aiNI.MIT.""ISTAR:  [813]  K.  688,  obv.  8,  [814]  81-7-27,  34,  obv.  5. 

aiNI.MIT.LA.GU.DA:  [474]  81-2-4,  67,  obv.  4;  Nimid(?)ii»La- 
gu-du^S  [516]  81-7-27,  31,  obv.  11. 

aiNINl:  [49]  K.  1168,  rv.  18,  [62]  K.  547,  rv.  6,  [186]  K.  11,  obv.  19, 
[332]  K.  13000,  rv.  3,  [339]  83-1-18, 19,  rv.  6,  [427]  83-1-18,  35,  obv.  6, 
[610]  K.  1142,  obv.  18,  [620]  K.  1210,  obv.  12,  [841]  K.  4757,  rv.  12, 
[845]  K.  671,  obv.  7;  aiNi-nu-a,  [52]  K.  80,  obv.  10,  [175]  K.  614, 
rv.  2,  [440]  K.  493,  obv.  11,  [683]  Rm  550,  rv.  8,  [706]  K.  1076,  obv.  5, 
[731]  81-7-27,  41,  rv.  3,  [841]  K.  4757,  rv.  11,  [867]  81-2-4,  94,  i-v.  9; 
"iNi-uu-u-a,  [633]  K.  1366,  obv.  12;  Ni-ua''',  [484]  81-7-27,  33, 
rv.  9;  Nina,  [668]  83-1-18,  255,  obv.  5;  aiNi-u^-a"^  ,  [456]  K.  1012, 
obv.  13,  rv.  12;  Ni-n^-a,  [792]  83-1-18,  52,  rv.  16;  Niua'^S  [17]  K. 
472,  rv.  3,  [73]  K.  5509,  obv.  3,  [399]  67-4-2,  1,  rv.  3,  [453]  K.  948,  obv. 
5,  [494]  80-7-19,  23,  obv.  6,  [662]  80-7-19,  139,  obv.  7,  [696]  K.  13066, 
obv.  4,  [697]  81-2-4,  73,  obv.  6,  [766]  K.  475,  obv.  8,  [816]  K.  88,  obv. 
4;  aiNiua'^',  [2]  K.  183,  rv.  4,  [18]  K.  490,  rv.  4,  [52]  K.  80,  rv.  4, 
[221]  K.  175,  obv.  6,  [358]  R'"  76,  obv.  5,  [386]  83-1-18,  9,  obv.  6,  20, 
[495]  Bu.  91-4-9,  65,  obv.  7. 


52  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

ai(?)NU.NA.AK:   [830]  K.  1376,  rv. 

§adNI.PIR:  [311]  K.  630,  obv.  15. 

NIPPUR(  =  EN.KID)i^i:  [202]  K.  83,  rv.  4,  |238]  K.  1107,  obv.  10,  rv. 
6,  10,  11,  [239]  K.  5585,  rv.  2,  [240]  K.  7467,  rv.  3,  [287]  K.  94,  obv. 
1  (?),  [516]  81-7-27, 31,  rv.  8,  [572]  K.  1001,  obv.  9,  [622]  K.  1210,  rv.  1, 
[797]  K.  672,  obv.  5,  15,  17,  [866]  81-2-4,  93,  obv.  9,  rv.  8;  a mei En- 
Kid  "^S  [238]  K.  1107,  rv.  4,  [240]  K.  7467,  obv.  3,  rv.  3,  [327]  K.  517, 
rv.  18,  [540]  K.  87,  obv.  4;  am6iEn-Kidi^*p'-,  [328]  K.  1107,  rv.  14, 
[469]  48-11-4,  282,  rv.  10,  [866]  81-2-4,  93,  rv.  8, 

aiNU.GlS.SAR:  [574]  K.  1004,  obv.  7. 

ameiNU.SA.NU.tJA  :  [210]  K.  647,  obv.  15. 

aiNU.U5.BA.IA:  [307]  K.  1078,  obv.  2,  rv.  10. 

aiPAK.KI.MI.RI:   [521]  83-1-18,  4,  rv.  24. 

mfttPAR.su. A:  [165]  K.  497,  obv.  4,  [311]  K.  630,  obv.  12;  aipar- 
su-a,[61]K.  529,  obv.  10. 

aiPAR.ZA.NI.IS.[TUM]:   [147]  K.  1170,  rv.  7. 

matpA.AS.SA.TE:  [205]  K.  537,  obv.  11. 

narpAT.TI.AN.BI :   [621]  K.  1208,  obv.  11. 

aipi.EN.ZA.A:   [138]  K.  409,  obv.  9. 

mfttpi.LIS.TA.AI:  [218]  K.  1199,  obv.  4. 

aiPU.KU.DU  :  [267]  K.  462,  rv.  15,  [268]  K.  514,  obv.  9,  12,  [751]  Sm. 
920,  obv.  9,  [752]  Rn^  48,  rv.  10,  11;  ameipu-ku-du,  [275]  K.  82, 
obv.  6,  rv.  10,  [279]  K.  6946,  obv.  9,  [282]  K.  524,  obv.  18,  [754]  K. 
5457,  obv.  24,  [790]  Sm.  1392,  obv.  11,  [792]  83-1-81,  52,  rv.  10; 
matpu-ku-di,[314]K.  1227,  obv.  7;  Tm a t]  Pu-gu-di,  [763]  81-2-4, 
126,  rv.  3;  ameipu-ku-da,  [267]  K.  462,  obv.  21,  [288]  K.  95,  obv.  6; 
aiPu-ku-da-ai,  [967]  K.  462,  rv.  4;  ameipu-ku-da-ai,  [754]  K. 
5457,  obv.  26,  [808]  Bu.  91-5-9,  113,  rv.  2;  ameipu-kud,  [402] 
83-1-18,  31,  obv.  8. 

nftrpu.RAT.TE  :  [424]  Sm.  760,  rv.  11;  n&rU-rat,  [553]  K.  659,  rv.  7; 
iiarRat-ti,  [336]  K.  644,  rv.  7. 

ameiKA-MUR-RA:   [646]  79-7-8,  292,  obv.  13,  [685]  81-2-4,  96,  rv.  22. 

aiKA.AP.PA.TA.AI:   [573]  K.  1003,  obv.  4. 

mfttKA.NI.UN:  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  9;  aiRa-ni-un,  [444]  K.  645,  rv.  1. 

'nfttKA.AP.RI.BA.KI.I.U:   [437]  K.  168,  obv.  15. 

a  1 K  A  R .  N I .  E :  [372]  80-7-19,  26,  obv.  14. 

niatKI.PA.NI:   [323]  K.  6005,  obv.  7. 

matKU.U[.    ]:  [624]  K.  1213,  obv.  5. 

aiKU.DA.BA.TI:  [315]  K.  1402,  obv.  7. 

aiam6iKU.DA.AI:  [246]  K.  669,  obv.  5. 

aiRU.UN.BU.NA:  [317]  K.  5291,  obv.  7. 

aiKU.RA.NI:  [480]  K.  8402,  obv.  6. 

narKUR.BU:  [490]  K.  746,  obv.  2, 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  53 

ameiKUR.KA.AI:  [251]  K.  506,  obv.  4,  8,  [388]  R«>  2,  463,  obv.  6; 

mft  tKur,  [749]  Sm.  1976,  obv.  8;  mfttKur-a,'  [726]  80-7-19,  24,  rv.  5; 

am6iGu-ra-[ai],  [76]  K.  555,  obv.  9. 
matRA.BI.TI:   [542]  K.  114,  rv.  18. 
aiRA.DI.E:   [281]K.  13,  rv.  16;  a^ei  Ra-di-a-ni,  [102]  K.  657,  obv.  9, 

rv.  11. 
aiRA.gAR.RI.DA:   [762]  Rm  2,  529,  obv.  5. 
amelRA.SI.TU:  [848]  K.  508,  rv.  5. 
'natRA.SAP.PA:   [43]  K.  122,  obv.  14,  16,  [767]  83-1-18,  75,  obv.  10; 

■nfttRa-sa-pa-ai,  [534]  K.  637,  obv.  7. 
mfttRA.A.SU  :   [774]  Bu.  89-4-26,  162,  obv.  11,  12,  rv.  17;    a°»6i  >"»* 

Ra-sa-ai,  [295]  K.  1139,  obv.  1;  aiRa-si,  [169]  K.  997,  obv.  8. 
aiRI.'BAT:   [804]  K.  544,  rv.  10,  11. 
'nfttRi.B[I-     -]:  [639]K.  8390,  rv.  7. 
ameiRi.gi.KU.AI:   [349]  K.  Rm  78,  rV.  5;   matRa-lji-^a,  [830]  K. 

1376,  rv.  6;  ^natRu-ka-lja-ai,  [94]  K.  1147  +  1947,  rv.  3. 
aiRI.MU.SU:    [43]K.  i22,obv.23;  aiRi-mu-sa,  [102]  K.  657,obv.  10. 
"^atRU.':  [158]  K.  530,  obv.  4,  9;   aiRu-'-tia,  [268]  K.  514,  obv.  10; 

ameiRu-ti-ai,  [287]  K.  94,  obv.  6. 
mfttRU.BU.':   [830]  K.  1376,  obv.  11. 
a'n«iRU.ZA.PI.':^  [846]  K.  673,  rv.  3. 
aiSA.BA.gA.NI:  [388]  Rna  2,  463,  obv.  8;   aiSab-^a-a-ni,  [524] 

K.  588,  obv.  3. 
aiSA.DI.RI:   [602]  K.  1127,  obv.  13. 
•natSA.DU.DA.AI:  [198]  K.  5464,  rv.  22. 
aiSA.LA.[.]:   [174]  K.  619,  rv.  8. 
a  1 S  A .  L  A  M .  M  E .  E  :  [726]  80-7-19,  24,  rv.  11. 
aiSA.MA.AL.LA:  [633]  K.  1366,  obv.  7. 
aiSA.MIR.I.NA.AI:  [633]  K.  1366,  obv.  5. 
a  1 S  A .  A  N .  g  A  :   [342]  79-7-8,  234,  obv.  5. 
aiSA.AN.IR:  [129]  K.  5458,  rv.  19. 
aiSA.PAR.[RAT(  ?)].TE:   [87]  K.  466,  obv.  9,  rv.  13. 
aiSA.PI.A:   [314]  K.  1227,  obv.  10;  aiSa-pi-ai,  [762]  R™  2,  529,obv.  7. 
aiSA.RAP.NA.AI:  [572]  K.  1001,  obv.  8,  rv.  14. 
aiSA.SI.KA.NI:  [52]  K.  80,  rv.  1. 

aiSA.RI.E:   [192]  K.  146,  obv.  11,  14,  [635]  K.  1516,  rv.  1. 
aiSA.ZA.NA.A:   [414]  Rm  77,  rv.  4. 
aiSI.gA.NA:   [448]  K.  826,  obv.  5. 
a  1 S I . ' .  M  E . E :   [538]  K.  531,  obv.  13,  [575]  K.  1005,  obv.  8,  [585]  K.  1098, 

obv.  5. 
aiSI.IN.NI:   [482]  82-5-22,  104,  obv.  8;  aiSi-na-ai,  [331]  K.  581,rv.4. 

'  Not  certain,  if  a  belongs  to  the  name. 

-Ot  Di,  Dal;  possibly  «iDil-bat  is  meant  here;  see  Johns,  AJSL,  Vol.  XXII,  p.  231. 

30r  ib. 


54  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

SIPPAR  (^TAM.KIB.SIL)'^':  [186]  K.  11,  rv.  16,  [418]  Sm.  1028, 
rv.  4;  Sip-pari^S  [464]  K.  1519,  obv.  4;  Sip-par''*,  [516]  81-7-27, 
31,  obv.  18,  [808]  Bu.  91-5-9,  113,  rv.  4;  a  i  Sip -par,  [608]  K.  1136, 
rv.  1;  a  1  Si -par,  [88]  K.  507,  rv.  5. 

SIPUR,  see  SIBAR. 

matsu.BAR.TI:  [356]  Bu.  89-4-26,  160,  obv.  21. 

aiSU.DA.NI.NA:  [425]  Bu.  91-5-9,  105,  obv.  10. 

mfltSU.SI:  [547]  K.  587,  obv.  18;  i^atSu-ba-ai,  [813]  K.  688,  obv.  13, 
rv.  8. 

[.  .  .]SUK.KA.AI:   [767]  83-1-18,  75,  obv.  8. 

mfttSU.UM.BI:  [312]  K.  689,  obv.  16. 

aiSU.RI.A.NA.AI:  [112]  K.  485,  rv.  5. 

nifttsu.TU.U:   [629]  K.  1263,  obv.  22. 

nfti-SALMU:  [380]  Rm  2,  3,  obv.  8. 

aisi.BAR[.  .  .]:  [52]K.  80,  obv.  11;  aiSi-pur,  [320]  K.  7473,  obv.  8, 

[745]  82-5-22,  141,  rv.  6. 
matsi.BA.TU.NU:   [576]  K.  1009,  obv.  18. 
aisi.DU.NA.AI:  [175]  K.  614,  obv.  6. 
aiSI.MI.RI:  [190]  K.  596,  obv.  21. 
aiSU.PI.TE:   [414]  Rm  77,  rv.  11;   aisip-te,  [95]  K.  1151,  rv.  5,  7, 

[      IRd"??,  21,  [608]K.  1136,  rv.  1(?). 
aiSA.BI.RI.SU:  [167] K.  582, obv.  9, 19;  aiSa-bi-ri-su,  [252]K.  525, 

obv.  5,  [729]  Sm.  521,  obv.  6. 
aiSA.AS.gU.US.TI:   [267]  K.  462,  rv.  9. 
ameigAL.LU.UK.KI.E.A:  [281]  K.  13,  obv.  21;  ameiSal-lu-ki- 

si-a,[789]K.  1964,  obv.  7. 
a  1 S  A .  M  A  N .  A .  KU :   [516]  81-7-8,  31,  obv.  12. 
aiSAMAS.NASIRI :  [168]  K.  636,  obv.  7,  10,  13,  17. 
a  1 S  A .  M  A .  l5 .  N  ij  :   [774]  Bu.  89-4-26,  167,  obv.  5. 
"ifttSA.NI.TI:   [476]  83-1-18,  5,  rv.  22. 
matSA.PAR.DA:  [645]  R«»  2,  464,  rv.  3. 
aiSA.RA.GI.TI:  [617]  K.  1167,  rv.  7. 
aiSA.RlS:   [43]  K.  122,  obv.  22. 
nftrSARRI:  [275]  K.  82,  rv.  4. 
nifttSA.AT.TE.RA:   [646]  79-7-8,  292,  obv.  13. 
a  1 S  E .  N  U  :  [602]  K.  1127,  obv.  12. 
'«atsi.IB[.     .]UR:   [646]  79-7-8,  292,  obv.  11. 
aiSI.I.TAB.NI:  [578]  K.  1018,  rv.  9. 
•natsiJ.UB.RI.AI:  [507]  K.  1077,  obv.  7,  [705]  82-5-22,  109,  obv.  7; 

=ifttSub-ri-ai,  [138]  K.  469,  obv.  14,  19;  ^atSti-bur-a,  [251]  K. 

506,  obv.  11,  19;   ^fttgii-bur-ai,  [251]  K.  506,  obv.  22  [252]  K.  525, 

obv.  5. 

aigt.SA.RI.SU.UN.GUR:  [281]  K.  13,  obv.  13. 
aiSU.gU.PA:   [649]  81-2-4,  110,  rv.  5. 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  55 

mfttsUN.GI.BU.TU:   [174]  K.  619,  obv.  11. 

aiStJ.RU.BA:   [424]  Sm.  760,  rv.  18. 

ai^tJ.SA.AN:   [280]  K.  10,  obv.  13. 

mfttTA  BAL:  [197]  K.  181,  rv.  28;  mfttTa-bal-ai,  [602]  K.  1127,  obv. 

4,  11;   [tnfttTa]-bal-ai:   [556]  K.  683,  obv.  20;   [mfttTa]-ab-al- 

la-a,' [830]  K.  1376,  rv.l. 
aiTA.GA.LA.GI:   [408]  R"'  2,  1,  obv.  16,  [701]  Sm.  1338,  obv.  17. 
aiTA.I.KU.IK.KI:  [462]  K.  1374,  obv.  20;   aiTa-i ,  [460]  K. 

1250,  obv.  2. 
nflrTAK.KA.DAP(?) :  [520]  K.  680,  obv.  8. 
aiTA.LA.A5:  [281]  K.  13,  obv.  10,  rv.  15. 

matTAM  TIM  :  [210]  K.  647,  rv.  11,  14,  16,  [267]  K.  462,  obv.  7,  9:  [280] 
K.  10,  obv.  5,  [516]  81-7-27,  31,  rv.  11,  [520]  K.  680,  rv.  3,  24,  [521] 
83-1-18,  4,  rv.  1,  3  bis,  25,  [540]  K.  87,  rv.  7,  [576]  K.  1009,  rv.  9,  11, 
[736]  K.  1030,  obv.  11,  [795]  Bu.  91-5-9, 107,  obv.  6,  [839]  83-1-18, 21, 
obv.  14,  rv.  5,  [859]  82-5-22,  132,  obv.  U;  ^f^^Tam-tim^',  [863]  K. 
1196,  rv.  7;  ameiga  ^natTam-tim,  [540]  K.  87,  rv.  6;  ameimat 
Tam-tim-ii-a,  [344]  83-1-18,28,  obv.  7;  rnatTam-ti,  [702]  81-2-4, 
77,  obv.  1;  ameiTam-da-ai,  [839]  83-1-18,  21,  obv.  21,  rv.  4; 
ameimatTam-tim-ai,  [289]  K.  312,  obv.  1;  amM  matTam-tim- 
u-ai,  [521]  83-1-18,  4,  rv.  9,  [752]  U^  48,  rv.  12. 

aiTAR.BI.SI:   [47]  K.  979,  obv.  8,  [628]  K.  1247,  obv.  7. 

aiTAR.BU.'si.BI:   [642]  K.  12046,  obv.  4. 

aiTAR.GLBA.A.TI :  [282]  K.  524,  rv.  3. 

aiTAR.gA.AI:   [635]  K.  1516,  rv.  6. 

narTAR.TA.RI:   [547]  K.  587,  obv.  17. 

inat(7)TA.TA.AI:  [649]  81-2^,  110,  obv.  9. 

ameiTA.ZLRU:   [138]  K.  469,  rv.  11. 

aiTI.IG.RLIS:   [342]  79-7-8,  234,  rv.  1. 

aiTI.IL[.    ]:  [282]  K.  524,  rv.  1. 

aiTIL  BUR.SLBI:   [322]  K.  663,  rv.  7. 

aiTIL  TU.tl.RI:  [131]  K.  625,  obv.  8. 

matTU.A.NU:  [466]  Sm.  51,  obv.  10. 

mfttTU.NI.TA.St[.     ] :  [698]  Sm.  764+Sm.  1650,  obv.  14. 

aiTtJ.NU.NA:  [43]  K.  122,  obv.  22. 

nar(7)TUR.NU:  [503]  K. 667,  rv.  16. 

aiTUR.UP[.     .]:   [390]  Sm.  1046,  obv.  15. 

aiTU.UR.US.PA.A:  [144]  K.  194,  obv.  8,  15,  16,  [146]  K.  1080,  rv.  9, 
*  [148]  K.  1907,  obv.  4,  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  19,  [492]  81-2-4,  60,  obv.  5; 
aiTu-ru-us-pa-a,  [381]  81-2^,  55,  rv.  5,  [424]  Sm.  760,  obv.  13; 
aiTu-ru-us-pi-a,[123]  K.  674,  rv.  4. 

mattJ.A.ZA.E:  [646]  79-7-8,  292,  obv.  10;  mattj-a-za-un,  [197]  K. 
181,  rv.  3. 


56  Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII 

aitJ.E.SI :  [198]  K.  5464,  rv.  2,  [380]  R™  2,  3,  rv.  6,  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  5, 
14,  [492]  81-2^,  60,  obv.  9,  [515]  K.  621,  obv.  7;  aiU-ai-si,  [198]  K. 
5464,  obv.  27,  29;  aiU-a-si,  [409]  R^"  2,  2,  obv.  9, 14. 

am6itJ.BA.AI.NA. AT:  [282]  K  524,  rv.  12. 

aitJ.BA.SI.E:   [433]  79-7-8,  138,  obv.  5,  [626]  K.  1233,  rv.  7. 

ni6ttJ.KA.AI :  [145]  K.  910,  obv.  4,  [198]  K.  5464,  rv.  12,  15,  [380]  Rm  2, 
3,  rv.  1,  [444]  K.  645,  obv.  8,  [619]  K.  1182,  obv.  9;  -^atu-ka-ai, 
[409]  R°i  2,  2,  obv.  10;  matuk-ka-ai,  [197]  K.  181,  obv.  8,  20. 

ameixjK.KA.AI:  [101]  K.  561,  obv.  7.  14,  17,  rv.  1,  19,  [104]  K.  1195, 
obv.  5;  °iatu>-ka-ai,  [490]  K.  746,  obv.  3. 

nartJ.LA.AI;  [281]  K.  13,  obv.  9. 

mattJ.LI.AI:  [619]  K.  1182,  obv.  9;  ^^^'-U-e,  [520]  K.  680,  obv.  12. 

aitJ.LU.SI.A:  [342]  79-7-8,  234,  obv.  6. 

aitJ.MAR:    [112]  K.  485,  obv.  16. 

ai^.PI.A:  [89]  K.  515,  obv.  12,  rv.  7;  aitj-pi-i,  [608]  K.  1136,  rv.  7; 
aitJ-pi-ia,  [795]  Bu.  91-5-9,  107, rv.  10;  [ai]U-pi-i,  [504]  K.  1176, 
obv.  11. 

5adUP.PA.AI:  [88]  K.  507,  rv.  4. 

UR[  =  SES.URU^']:  [38]  K.  1049,  rv.  5;  am6iSes-uru>^i-ai,  [753] 
82-5-2,  111,  rv.  7. 

aitJ.RA:  [490]  K.  746,  rv.  3. 

mfttu.RA.AR.TA.AI:  [123]  K.  574,  obv.  6;  matUrartu,  [101]K.  561, 
obv.  8,  [112]  K.  485,  obv.  8,  rv.  6,  [145]  K.  910,  obv.  5,  [146]  K.  1080, 
obv.  6,  [434]  Bu.  89-4-26, 163,  obv.  10,  [544]  K.  464,  rv.  2,  [596]  K.  1120, 
obv.  5,  [705]  82-5-22,  109,  rv.  3;  "^atUrarta-a,  [251]  K.  506,  obv.  9; 
matUrarta-ai,  [139]  K.  1067,  obv.  9,  rv.  9,  [144]  K.  194,  obv.  7,  [146] 
K.  1080,  obv.  7,  8,  10,  [205]  K.  537,  obv.  5,  [215]  K.  1037,  obv.  3,  [252] 
K.  525,  obv.  9,  [306]  K.  622,  obv.  4,  [381]  81-2^,  55,  obv.  5,  rv.  4, 
[409]  R^  2,  2,  obv.  5,  [424]  Sm.  760,  obv.  6,  [515]  K.  621,  obv.  4,  [548] 
K.  593,  obv.  6;  amei  matUrarta-ai,  [492]  81-2-4,  60,  obv.  5. 

aiUR.IA.KU:  [645]Rni2,  464,  obv.  13,  [713]Rm59,  obv.  7;  aiUr-ia- 
ak-ai,[713]Rni59,  obv.  12. 

URURki :  [202]  K.  83,  rv.  4,  [266]  K.  79,  rv.  3,  11,  [267]  K.  462,  obv.  14, 
[274]  K.  81,  obv.  20,  rv.  3,  6,  [451]  K.  924,  obv.  12,  13,  [469]  48-11-4, 
282,  obv.  13,  16,  rv.  7,  13,  [472]  80-7-19,  46,  obv.  5,  [476]  83-1-18,  5, 
obv.  18,  29,  rv.  3,  [572]  K.  1001,  obv.  9,  [589]  K.  1106,  rv.  4,  [622]  K. 
1210,  rv,  3,  [747]  K.  923,  obv.  7,  [751]  Sm.  920,  obv.  3,  5,  [752]  R™  48, 
obv.  2,  4,  [753]  82-5-2,  111,  obv.  3,  4,  rv.  3,  11,  [754]  K.  5457,  obv.  2,3, 
[755]  83-1-18,  122,  obv.  2,  [815]  48-7-20,  116,  obv.  2,  4,  7,  8,  rv.  4,  9, 
22,  [831]  K.  470,  rv.  13,  [866]  81-2-4,  93,  obv.  3, 12;  Uruki^i-ai,  [754] 
K.  5457,  obv.  10,  27;  aitJ-ru-uk,  [314]  K.  1227, obv.  9;  Uruk,  [247] 
K.  1027,  obv.  8;  ameiUruk'^'  p^-,  [296]  1162,  obv.  2,  [297]  K.  1271, 

1Mb. 


Geographical  List  to  ABL.,  I-VIII  57 

obv.  2,  [518]  83-1-18,  27,  obv.  2;  ^^ei  ai  Uruk^^'-ai,  [70]  K.  1070, 

obv.  6,  [753]  82-5-2,  11,  rv.  3;  ameiUruk'^'-ai,  [201]  K.  647,  rv.  13, 

[277]  K.  4736,  rv.  4,  6,  [472]  80-7-19,  46,  obv.  6,  [476]  83-1-18,  5,  obv. 

6,  [527]  K.  830,  rv.  9,  [589]  K.  1106,  rv.  7,  [753]  82-5-2,  111,  rv.  3,  11, 

[815]  48-7-20,  116,  obv.  2,4. 
aiUR.ZU.gl.NA:   [192]  K.  146,  obv.  7,  [306]  K.  622,  obv.  7,  22,  [408] 

R-"  2,  1,  obv.  8,  18,  23,  rv.  8,  31,  [529]  K.  1252a,  obv.  8,  rv.  2,  15; 

aiUr-zu-bi-na-ai,  [599]  K.  1124,  rv.  2. 
ai  amMUS.gA.AI:   [246]  K.  669,  obv.  4. 
"nftttJ.gtJ.tJ:   [800]  K.  7424,  obv.  8. 
aitJ.gUR.""ADAD:   [763]  81-2-4,  126,  rv.  4. 
«it.TU:   [589]  K.  1106,  rv.  4. 
nftrZA.[BA?].[583]K.1094,  obv.  5. 
aiZAB.BAN:   [641]  K.  9389,  obv.  4;  «iZa-ban,  [311]  K.  630,  obv.  10; 

aiZa-au-bau,  [516]  81-7-27,  31,  obv.  17. 
aiZAB.DA.NU:   [280]  K.  10,  obv.  7,  8. 
a  1 Z  A .  A  D .  D I :  [522]  K.  498,  rv.  2. 
matzA.LI.PA.AI:   [165]  K.  497,  obv.  6,  rv.  10. 
'natZA.[.     .]ME:   [771]  83-1-18,  49,  obv.  8;  mfltZa-me,  [754]  K.  5457, 

obv.  12. 
mfttZA.MU.A:   [684]  80-7-19,  37,  rv.  5;  matZa-mu-u,  [311]  K.  630, 

rv.  4,  [582]  K.  1093,  rv.  1. 
aiZA.NA.KI:   [846]  K.  673,  obv.  8;   aniei  aiZa-na-ki-6-a  [846]  K. 

673,  rv.  8;   s^i  aiZa-na-ki-i-tti,  [846]  K.  673,  rv.  5. 
nftrZA.NA.NI:   [485]  K.  1061,  obv.  5. 
matzi.KI.RA.AI:  [51.5]  K.  621,  obv.  6;   "fttZi-kir-ta-ai,  [198]  K. 

5464,  obv.  25,  [215]  K.  1037,  rv.  6;  ameiZi-kir-ta-ai,  [205]  K.  537, 

obv.  4,  6,  9. 
'"fttzi.KI.TI.A:  [515]  K.  621,  obv.  IB. 


LIST  OF  ABREVIATIONS  AND  BOOKS  QUOTED 

ABL.  =  Robert   Francis   Harper,   Assyrian   and  Babylonian  Letters, 

Vols.  I-VIII. 
AC,  I.  =  O.  A.  Toffteen,  Ancient  Chronology,  Part  I. 
ADD.  =  Johns,  Assyrian  Deeds  and  Documents,  Vols.  I  and  II. 
AJSL.  —  American  Journal  of  Semitic  Languages  and  Literatures. 
AL.  =  Winckler,  The  Tell  el-Amarna  Letters. 
An.  =  Annals. 
Anp.  =  Ashurnasirpal. 
Bez.  Cat.  =  Bezold,  Catalogue. 
Billerbeck,  Sandshak-Siileimania. 
Breasted,  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,  Vols.  I-V. 
Briinnow,  Classified  List. 
Cyl.  =  Cylinder. 

Delattre,  Le  peuple  et  Vempire  de  MMes. 
Delitzsch,  Ass?/risc/ie  Grammatik ;  Assyrisches  Handworterhuch ;    Wo 

lag  das  Paradies  f 
HL.  =  King,  Letters  and  Inscriptions  of  Hammurabi,  Vols.  I-III. 
Hommel,  Geschichte  Babyloniens  und  Assyriens. 
Johnston,  The  Epistolary  Literature  of  the  Assyrians. 
K.  =  Kouyunjik. 

KAT.^  —  Keilinschriften  und  das  alte  Testament,  3te. 
KB.  =  Keilinschriftliche  Bibliothek,  Vols.  I-VI. 
Knudtzon,  Assyrische  Gebete  an  den  Sonnengott. 
Meissner,  Beitrdge  zur  altbabylonischen  Privatrecht. 
Mon.  =  Monolith. 

Mtirdter-Delitzsch,  Geschichte  Babyloniens  und  Assyriens. 
Muss-Arnolt,  Concise  Dictionary  of  the  Assyrian  Language. 
MVG.  —  Mitteilungen  der  Vorderasiatischen  Gesellschaft, 
Ob.  =  Obelisk. 

Baton,  The  Early  History  of  Syria  and  Palestine. 
PSBA.  =  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology. 
R.  =  Rawlinson,  Cuneiform  Inscriptions  of  Western  Asia,  Vols.  I-V. 
RA.  —  Revue  d'assyriologie. 
RMA.  =  Thompson,  The  Report  of  the  Magicians  and  Astrologers  of 

Nineveh  and  Babylon,  Vols.  I,  II. 
Sarg.  =  Sargon. 
Shalm.  =  Shalmaneser. 
Toffteen,  Ancient  Chronology,  Part  I. 

58 


List  of  Abbreviations  and   Books  Quoted  59 

TP.  =  Tiglath-pileser. 

TSBA.  =  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology. 

VBAG.—  Verhandlungen  der  b.-anthropologische  Gesellschaft. 

Winckler,  Geschichte  Babyloniens  und  Assyriens. 

ZA.  =  Zeitsclirift  filr  Assyriologie. 

ZDMG.  =  Zeitschrift  der  Deutschen  Morgenldndischen  Gesellschaft. 

ZDPV.  —  Zeitschrift  der  Deutschen  Palestina-Vereins. 

ZE.  =  Zeitschrift  filr  Ethnologic. 


VITA 

I,  Olaf  Alfred  Toffteen,  was  born  in  the  village  of  Hexarfve, 
parish  of  Sproge,  Island  of  Gotland,  Sweden,  June  26,  1863.  I 
completed  the  course  of  the  high  school  of  Gotland  in  May,  1880; 
entered  the  Higher  State  College  of  Visby  in  1881,  and  received 
from  it  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  June  12,  1885,  with  the 
honor  cum  laude  approhaiur  and  appointment  to  Prince  Oscar's 
Stipend,  I  was  admitted  to  the  University  of  Upsala  on  October 
6,  1885,  where  I  studied  the  Hebrew  and  Arabic  languages  under 
Professor  J.  T.  Nordling,  The  same  year  I  wrote  my  Latin  pen 
sum  for  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 

I  came  to  the  United  States  of  America  in  June,  1888,  and  was 
ordained  priest  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  America  by 
the  bishop  of  Quincy  in  June,  1893.  I  attended  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  of  Baltimore  the  Spring  Term  of  1902,  where  I 
studied  the  Semitic  languages  under  Professors  Paul  Haupt  and 
Christopher  Johnston.  I  was  admitted  to  the  University  of 
Chicago  in  June,  1902,  where  I  was  appointed  a  fellow  of  Semitics 
in  the  spring  of  1903,  with  a  reappointment  in  1904. 


60 


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